X chromosome influences sperm length in the stalk-eyed fly Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni.

Whether sexually selected traits are sex linked can have profound effects on their evolution. In the diopsid stalk-eyed fly, Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni, sperm length and female reproductive tract morphology have coevolved across species, postcopulatory sexual selection is known to occur, and X-linked genes affect female ventral sperm receptacle size. Here, we estimate the location of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for spermatocyst tail length by using F2 progeny segregating for an X-linked factor that causes sex-ratio meiotic drive. We found two QTL, including a major X-linked QTL responsible for 25% of the variation in spermatocyst tail length 2.1 cM from the sex-ratio element and 0.8 cM from a major eye span QTL. Sex-ratio males produce shorter spermatocyst tails and shorter eye spans. Thus, X-linked factors affect both pre- and postcopulatory traits, and linkage between the alleles for short eye span and short spermatocyst tail length allow pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection to potentially act in concert against the transmission bias caused by the sex-ratio chromosome.

Fitness effects of X chromosome drive in the stalk-eyed fly, Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni.

Sex-ratio (SR) males produce predominantly female progeny because most Y chromosome sperm are rendered nonfunctional. The resulting transmission advantage of XSR chromosomes should eventually cause population extinction unless segregation distortion is masked by suppressors or balanced by selection. By screening male stalk-eyed flies, Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni, for brood sex ratio we found unique SR alleles at three X-linked microsatellite loci and used them to determine if SR persists as a balanced polymorphism. We found that XSR/XST females produced more offspring than other genotypes and that SR males had lower sperm precedence and exhibited lower fertility when mating eight females in 24 h. Adult survival was independent of SR genotype but positively correlated with eye span. We infer that the SR polymorphism is likely maintained by a combination of weak overdominance for female fecundity and frequency dependent selection acting on male fertility. Our discovery of two SR haplotypes in the same population in a 10-year period further suggests that this SR polymorphism may be evolving rapidly.

Do female spiders select heavier males for the genes for behavioral aggressiveness they offer their offspring?

We explore the hypothesis that females choose to mate with heavier males for the genes for behavioral aggressiveness they offer their offspring in the desert spider, Agelenopsis aperta. Behavioral aggressiveness is important to competition for limited resources in the field and is thus correlated with the mass spiders achieve. We established four crosses based on the body mass relationships of parents subjected to selection in their natural environment (female mass/male mass: HI/HI, HI/LO, LO/HI, and LO/LO) and reared the F1 offspring in a noncompetitive laboratory environment. Offspring size and mass at maturity were measured, life history parameters recorded, and behavioral aggressiveness scored in a series of tests. Significant familial effects were detected in all of these measures, but pertinent cross effects were observed only in the assays measuring behavioral aggressiveness. The results were summarized in terms of the fitness costs to HI females of mating with LO males (fewer female offspring of the more aggressive phenotypes) and the benefits to LO females of mating with HI males (fewer fearful offspring of both sexes).