RESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIM: Contact-sports are known to have higher risk of orofacial injuries due to the bodily contact with other players or equipment. Kabaddi is a traditional contact-sport of India that has gained an international recognition. There is a paucity of data regarding prevalence of traumatic dental and orofacial injuries among the Kabaddi players. Hence this study aimed to assess the prevalence, distribution and pattern of orofacial injuries among the Kabaddi players of Delhi and NCR region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This observational cross-sectional study was designed as per the best practices of epidemiology and reported as per the STROBE guidelines. The sample size was calculated as 440 and comprised of 10-18 years old players of either gender. Cluster random sampling was performed and the information was collected by one-calibrated evaluator by using a self-designed proforma. The injuries were classified as per standard criteria and the description of each episode was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical software-STATA-version-14(StataCorpLLC,Texas,USA). RESULTS: Total of 393 players were included in the study (Males-295, Females-98) with majority of them between 15 and 18 years of age. The prevalence of traumatic episode was 49.11% and the prevalence orofacial-trauma was 44.02%.The frequency of extraoral-injuries was higher when compared to the intraoral injuries, with orbit(26.67%) being the commonest-site. Most of the players had not received adequate emergency treatment in the first incident which had improved in the second. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of traumatic orofacial injuries in 10-18 years old Kabaddi players of Delhi-NCR region was found to be 44.02% while the prevalence of traumatic episodes was 49.11%. The prevalence of dental injuries was 5.1%. Majority of the players perceived that Kabaddi can lead to orofacial-injuries.
RESUMO
Little is known about the prevalence and burden of symptoms in patients managed without dialysis. This study was the result of a larger study exploring the experiences of 30 such patients and their trajectories to death. Data were analysed relating to symptoms once the patients had been referred to a Renal Supportive Care Service based in the East End of London, UK. A high symptom prevalence was found with 30 different symptoms reported at first consultation. Widely reported symptoms impacting on daily living included breathlessness, oedema, pruritus, nausea and vomiting and pain. Findings indicate that as symptoms escalate and death approaches, some symptoms, such as fluid overload and lethargy become difficult to treat indicating that death is close. This new knowledge can help staff as they attempt to determine when the end of life is approaching in order to support and care for patients appropriately. This paper highlights a need for effective identification and management of symptoms as they arise and further exploration of the effects of these symptoms on daily living.
Assuntos
Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Cuidados Paliativos , Qualidade de Vida , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Masculino , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Recusa do Paciente ao TratamentoRESUMO
Flight feathers from six bird species at Clear Lake, CA were analyzed to determine the extent and distribution of mercury contamination from an abandoned mercury mine and associated levels of 14 other elements. Feather samples were collected from adult and juvenile osprey (Pandion haliaetus), including juvenile osprey from three additional comparison sites; adult western grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis); adult great blue herons (Ardea herodias); adult mallards (Anas platyrhynchos); adult turkey vultures (Cathartes aura); and juvenile double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). Samples were analyzed by a multielemental x-ray fluorescence method. The osprey from Clear Lake showed significantly elevated mercury concentrations relative to the comparison sites. Different species at Clear Lake had different mercury concentrations based on trophic status; osprey exhibited the highest mercury concentrations and the mallards showed the lowest. Lastly, we quantified differences in elemental concentrations, including mercury, between adult and juvenile osprey from Clear Lake. Elements known to be nutrients, such as sulfur and zinc, did not vary significantly among species or sites. Reproductive success of osprey at Clear Lake was monitored from 1992 to 1996 to determine if osprey reproduction was depressed. During this five-year period, the breeding population grew from 10 to 20 nesting pairs and the average reproductive rate was 1.4 fledglings per nesting attempt. Although the osprey showed the highest mercury levels of any species sampled, their reproduction does not appear to be depressed.