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1.
Metabolomics ; 20(2): 39, 2024 Mar 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38460018

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Kidney transplantation (KTx) necessarily conveys an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) process, which impacts on allograft outcomes. Delayed graft function (DGF) is defined as a non-decrease of serum creatinine by at least 10% daily on 3 consecutive days during the first 7 days post-KTx. DGF significantly conditions both short- and long-term graft outcomes. Still there is a lack of DGF predictive biomarkers. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the potential of kidney graft perfusate metabolomics to predict DGF occurrence. METHODS: 49 human perfusates from grafts categorized upon donor type [donation after brain death (DBD)/donation after circulatory death (DCD)] and DGF occurrence and 19 perfusates from a murine model classified upon death type (DBD/DCD) were collected and analyzed by NMR-based metabolomics. RESULTS: The multivariate analysis of the murine data highlighted significant differences between perfusate metabolomes of DBD versus DCD. These differences were similarly observed in the human perfusates. After correcting for the type of donor, multivariate analysis of human data demonstrated a metabolomics signature that could be correlated with DGF occurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The metabolome of kidney grafts is influenced by the donor's type in both human and pre-clinical studies and could be correlated with DGF in the human DBD cohort. Thus, metabolomic analysis of perfusate applied prior to KTx may represent a new predictive tool for clinicians in a more personalized management of DGF. Moreover, our data paves the way to better understand the impact of donor's types on the biochemical events occurring between death and the hypothermic storage.


Assuntos
Função Retardada do Enxerto , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Metabolômica , Rim , Aloenxertos
2.
Sci Rep ; 13(1): 17276, 2023 10 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37828038

RESUMO

Megalin/LRP2 is a major receptor supporting apical endocytosis in kidney proximal tubular cells. We have previously reported that kidney-specific perinatal ablation of the megalin gene in cystinotic mice, a model of nephropathic cystinosis, essentially blocks renal cystine accumulation and partially preserves kidney tissue integrity. Here, we examined whether inhibition of the megalin pathway in adult cystinotic mice by dietary supplementation (5x-fold vs control regular diet) with the dibasic amino-acids (dAAs), lysine or arginine, both of which are used to treat patients with other rare metabolic disorders, could also decrease renal cystine accumulation and protect cystinotic kidneys. Using surface plasmon resonance, we first showed that both dAAs compete for protein ligand binding to immobilized megalin in a concentration-dependent manner, with identical inhibition curves by L- and D-stereoisomers. In cystinotic mice, 2-month diets with 5x-L-lysine and 5x-L-arginine were overall well tolerated, while 5x-D-lysine induced strong polyuria but no weight loss. All diets induced a marked increase of dAA urinary excretion, most prominent under 5x-D-lysine, without sign of kidney insufficiency. Renal cystine accumulation was slowed down approx. twofold by L-dAAs, and totally suppressed by D-lysine. We conclude that prolonged dietary manipulation of the megalin pathway in kidneys is feasible, tolerable and can be effective in vivo.


Assuntos
Cistina , Cistinose , Adulto , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Cistina/metabolismo , Cistinose/metabolismo , Lisina , Proteína-2 Relacionada a Receptor de Lipoproteína de Baixa Densidade , Rim/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais
3.
Rev Med Liege ; 77(9): 544-547, 2022 Sep.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36082603

RESUMO

The present review details the recommendations for the management of acute pyelonephritis in adults. Acute pyelonephritis corresponds to the infection of the upper urinary tract and is particularly common in women between the age of 15 and 65 years. Symptoms usually include fever, chills, flank pain, nausea and vomiting. There are different types of pyelonephritis, and their management may differ upon the patient's comorbidities and the pathogenic agent. The first step in the management of a patient with suspected acute pyelonephritis focuses on the need for hospitalization. Bacteriological samples should always be collected before the initiation of antibiotics. The antibiotic therapy will then be adapted according to the profile of the infecting pathogen.


Cette vignette reprend les recommandations de prise en charge de la pyélonéphrite aiguë (PNA) de l'adulte. La PNA est une infection urinaire haute, particulièrement fréquente chez la femme entre 15 et 65 ans. La symptomatologie typique associe fièvre, frissons, douleur au niveau de la loge rénale, nausées et vomissements. Il existe différents types de PNA dont la prise en charge peut varier selon les comorbidités du patient ou le type de bactéries. Devant toute PNA, la première étape est d'évaluer la nécessité d'une hospitalisation. Les prélèvements à visée bactériologique doivent toujours précéder l'initiation de l'antibiothérapie, dont le spectre sera adapté en fonction de la sensibilité antibiotique du germe mis en évidence.


Assuntos
Pielonefrite , Doença Aguda , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pielonefrite/diagnóstico , Pielonefrite/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto Jovem
4.
Rev Med Liege ; 77(5-6): 330-337, 2022 May.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35657191

RESUMO

Glomerulonephritis are the result of an inflammatory hit to the glomerulus. They are rare and heterogeneous renal diseases. Each glomerular compartment can be affected. The clinical manifestations present with hematuria, proteinuria and/or impaired renal function, either isolated or combined. Two main clinico-biological syndromes are described: nephrotic syndrome and nephritic syndrome. The latter can present in a more severe form i.e. rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with the worst prognosis. These different clinical pictures are related to specific glomerular lesions. Thus, podocytic damage is mainly responsible for nephrotic syndromes, mesangial damage is responsible for proteinuria and hematuria and, finally, endothelial damage is responsible for nephritic syndrome and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Therapeutic approaches include non-specific measures, combining both life-style and pharmacological interventions with the aim to reduce risk factors, and specific measures with the use of different immunosuppressive agents.


: Les glomérulonéphrites sont des atteintes inflammatoires du glomérule. Il s'agit de pathologies rénales rares et hétérogènes. Tous les compartiments glomérulaires peuvent être touchés. Les répercussions cliniques sont diverses. Elles se manifestent par une hématurie, une protéinurie et/ou une altération de la fonction rénale, présente chacune de manière isolée ou combinée. Deux principaux syndromes clinico-biologiques sont décrits : le syndrome néphrotique et le syndrome néphritique. Au sein de cette dernière entité, on distingue une forme plus sévère, les glomérulonéphrites rapidement progressives grevées du plus mauvais pronostic. Ces différents tableaux cliniques sont en lien avec des lésions glomérulaires spécifiques. Ainsi, les atteintes podocytaires sont principalement responsables des syndromes néphrotiques, les atteintes mésangiales sont responsables de protéinurie et d'hématurie et les atteintes endothéliales sont responsables de syndromes néphritiques et de glomérulonéphrites rapidement progressives. Les approches thérapeutiques comprennent des mesures non spécifiques, hygiéno-diététiques et pharmacologiques, visant à réduire les différents facteurs de risque, et des mesures spécifiques avec l'utilisation de divers médicaments immunosuppresseurs.


Assuntos
Glomerulonefrite , Nefropatias , Síndrome Nefrótica , Glomerulonefrite/diagnóstico , Glomerulonefrite/terapia , Hematúria/etiologia , Hematúria/patologia , Humanos , Nefropatias/complicações , Glomérulos Renais/patologia , Síndrome Nefrótica/diagnóstico , Síndrome Nefrótica/etiologia , Síndrome Nefrótica/terapia , Proteinúria/etiologia
5.
Rev Med Liege ; 77(5-6): 338-344, 2022 05.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35657192

RESUMO

Renal allograft rejection involves many mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity, responsible for parenchymal inflammatory lesions that negatively impact the long-term outcomes of the renal allograft. The heterogeneous presentations of rejections in terms of clinical, biological and histological aspects make them difficult to manage in daily clinical practice. Indeed, current therapeutic strategies are disappointing in term of long-term outcomes, including graft survival. In this article, we will discuss the main effector mechanisms of rejection and their histological classification, as well as the existing treatments and those currently under evaluation.


: Le rejet du greffon rénal fait intervenir de nombreux mécanismes de l'immunité innée et adaptative, responsables de lésions inflammatoires parenchymateuses impactant négativement le devenir au long cours du greffon rénal. La grande hétérogénéité dans la présentation clinique, biologique et histologique des rejets de greffe en fait des entités difficiles à prendre en charge en pratique clinique quotidienne. En effet, les stratégies thérapeutiques actuelles montrent des résultats assez décevants pour le traitement des rejets, ce qui a comme conséquence une diminution significative de la survie des greffons. Nous aborderons dans cet article les principaux mécanismes effecteurs des rejets, leur classification histologique ainsi que les traitements existants et en cours de validation.


Assuntos
Rejeição de Enxerto , Transplante de Rim , Aloenxertos , Rejeição de Enxerto/diagnóstico , Rejeição de Enxerto/terapia , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Humanos , Rim , Transplante de Rim/efeitos adversos
6.
Rev Med Liege ; 77(4): 206-211, 2022 Apr.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35389003

RESUMO

Cellular immunotherapy consists in using the cells of the immune system as a therapeutic weapon. In this constantly evolving field, the therapeutic strategies developed at the University Hospital of Liege are hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, mesenchymal stromal cells and targeted therapy with CAR-T cells (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells). The first two modalities represent a form of non-targeted cell therapy that has been developed over the past decades. While hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is established as the reference treatment for many hematological diseases, mesenchymal stromal cells are still under investigation in various pathologies (notably Crohn's disease, organ transplantation, COVID-19 and pulmonary fibrosis). By contrast, CAR-T cells represent a recently developed and extremely promising targeted immunotherapy. This therapeutic approach has already revolutionized the treatment of B-cell lymphopathies, and has the potential to do the same for many other diseases in the near future.


L'immunothérapie cellulaire consiste en l'utilisation de cellules du système immunitaire comme arme thérapeutique. Dans ce domaine en évolution constante, les stratégies thérapeutiques développées au CHU de Liège sont la greffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques, les cellules stromales mésenchymateuses et la thérapie ciblée par cellules CAR-T («Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells¼). Les deux premières approches représentent une forme de thérapie cellulaire non ciblée, développées depuis de nombreuses années. Si la greffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques est établie comme le traitement de référence de nombreuses hémopathies, les cellules stromales mésenchymateuses sont, quant à elles, toujours à l'étude dans diverses pathologies (notamment maladie de Crohn, transplantation d'organes, COVID-19 et fibrose pulmonaire). À l'opposé, les cellules CAR-T représentent une immunothérapie ciblée, développée récemment et extrêmement prometteuse. Cette modalité thérapeutique a déjà révolutionné le traitement des lymphopathies B, et elle possède le potentiel d'en faire de même pour de nombreuses autres pathologies dans un avenir proche.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos , COVID-19/terapia , Hospitais , Humanos , Imunoterapia
7.
Rev Med Liege ; 77(4): 249-252, 2022 Apr.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35389010

RESUMO

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects ~7 % of the general population and is burdened with significant morbidity and mortality, especially cardiovascular disease. At the terminal stage, CKD requires demanding and costly treatments for the patient and the society, such as dialysis or kidney transplantation. The symptomatology of CKD is poor and unspecific, which complicates the identification and early management of patients with CKD. Diagnostic criteria for CKD include (1) renal morphological abnormality; and/or (2) proteinuria superior to150 mg/g creatinine; and/or (3) glomerular filtration rate (GFR) inferior to 60 ml/min/ 1.73 m². The persistence of these abnormalities for more than 3 months indicates the chronicity of the renal damage. Starting from an exemplary clinical case, we detail the diagnostic steps when faced with a suspicion of CKD.


: La maladie rénale chronique (MRC) touche ~7 % de la population générale et est grevée d'une morbi-mortalité, notamment cardiovasculaire, significative. à son stade terminal, la MRC nécessite des traitements lourds et coûteux pour le patient et pour la société, tels que la dialyse ou la transplantation rénale. La symptomatologie de la MRC est frustre et aspécifique, ce qui complique l'identification et la prise en charge précoce des patients insuffisants rénaux chroniques. Les critères diagnostiques de la MRC incluent (1) une anomalie morphologique rénale, et/ou (2) une protéinurie sup�rieur a 150 mg/g créatininurie, et/ou (3) un débit de filtration glomérulaire (DFG) inf�rieur a 60 ml/min/1,73 m². La persistance de ces anomalies pendant plus de 3 mois signe la chronicité de l'atteinte rénale. Au départ d'une vignette clinique paradigmatique, nous détaillons les étapes diagnostiques face à une suspicion de MRC.


Assuntos
Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Doença Crônica , Creatinina , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Humanos , Rim/anormalidades , Proteinúria , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapia , Anormalidades Urogenitais
8.
Rev Med Liege ; 77(3): 175-180, 2022 Mar.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35258866

RESUMO

Most physicians do not know, or do not remember, the name of phlorizin. Hence this molecule has a major historical importance because it was the precursor of gliflozins, a new class of oral antidiabetic drugs with recent therapeutic perspectives beyond diabetes. This article recalls the history of phlorizin: its discovery in the 19th century by De Koninck and Stas, the demonstration of its ability to induce glucosuria and reduce hyperglycaemia by von Mering, its use to demonstrate the concept of glucose toxicity by the team of DeFronzo and finally the development of selective (phlorizin being not selective) sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (gliflozins) which block glucose reabsorption in renal tubules. Gliflozins have increasing therapeutic indications, not only in type 2 diabetes, but also in cardiology and nephrology among non-diabetic people with heart failure or renal insufficiency.


La plupart des médecins ne connaissent pas, ou ne se souviennent plus, de la phlorizine. Pourtant, cette molécule a une grande importance historique car elle a été le précurseur des gliflozines, une nouvelle classe d'antidiabétiques oraux ouvrant maintenant de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques au-delà du diabète. Cet article retrace l'histoire de la phlorizine : sa découverte au 19ème siècle par De Koninck et Stas, la démonstration de l'induction d'une glucosurie abaissant la glycémie par von Mering, son utilisation pour conceptualiser la notion de glucotoxicité par l'équipe de DeFronzo et, enfin, le développement d'inhibiteurs sélectifs (la phlorizine étant non sélective) des cotransporteurs sodium-glucose de type 2 (SGLT2, gliflozines),dans les tubules rénaux, bloquant la réabsorption du glucose. Les gliflozines ont, maintenant, des indications thérapeutiques de plus en plus larges, non seulement dans le diabète de type 2, mais aussi en cardiologie et en néphrologie chez des personnes non diabétiques avec insuffisance cardiaque ou insuffisance rénale.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Bélgica , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Florizina/farmacologia , Florizina/uso terapêutico , Transportador 2 de Glucose-Sódio/uso terapêutico , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/farmacologia , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico
9.
Rev Med Liege ; 75(12): 775-780, 2020 Dec.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33331700

RESUMO

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is the most prevalent inherited kidney disease. The disease is usually asymptomatic until adulthood. End-stage renal disease occurs generally after the age of 55 years, with a large inter-individual variability. Renal cyst formation begins early in life, and animal models have shown that treatments able to prevent the cyst growth slow down the renal function decline. A treatment by tolvaptan is currently used in adults to decelerate PKD progression. Until now there is no consensus about the appropriate time to screen for PKD in children. However, these scientific progresses raise the interest of determining early (i.e. pediatric) predictive markers of renal function decline.


La polykystose rénale autosomique dominante (PRAD) est la maladie rénale génétique la plus fréquente. Le développement insidieusement progressif des kystes rénaux fait que la PRAD est, le plus souvent, asymptomatique jusqu'à l'âge adulte, mais la croissance kystique survient très précocement. L'insuffisance rénale terminale survient, généralement, après l'âge de 55 ans, avec, cependant, une grande variabilité interindividuelle. Les modèles animaux montrent que les traitements ralentissant la croissance du volume rénal freinent parallèlement le déclin de la fonction rénale. Par ailleurs, un traitement récemment utilisé chez l'adulte (le tolvaptan) permet de ralentir la progression de la PRAD. A ce jour, il n'y a pas de consensus sur l'âge de dépistage de la PRAD chez les enfants. Toutefois, les récentes avancées scientifiques suggèrent l'intérêt de déterminer des marqueurs prédictifs précoces, y compris pédiatriques, du déclin de la fonction rénale.


Assuntos
Falência Renal Crônica , Rim Policístico Autossômico Dominante , Adulto , Animais , Criança , Progressão da Doença , Humanos , Rim , Rim Policístico Autossômico Dominante/diagnóstico , Rim Policístico Autossômico Dominante/tratamento farmacológico , Tolvaptan
10.
Rev Med Liege ; 75(S1): 109-114, 2020.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33211431

RESUMO

The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes a respiratory distress syndrome, the main symptom of COVID-19 (for "COronaVIrus Disease 2019"). This infectious disease has been causing a major health and socio-economic pandemic since December 2019. The pulmonary alveolus is regarded as the main target of SARS-CoV-2. However, this coronavirus is capable of directly or indirectly affecting other organs, including the kidneys. Here, we summarize the presumed pathophysiology of COVID-19 renal disease. The incidence of acute kidney injury ranges from 0,5 to 22 % of all patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. The need for renal replacement therapy is reported in 5-9 % of patients in intensive care. Histological analysis of renal biopsies mainly shows acute tubular necrosis of varying severity, as well as the congestion of glomerular and peri-tubular capillaries. Endothelitis has been described in few cases. Evidence for a factual inflammation of the glomerulus remains controversial. The medium/long term consequences of COVID-19 nephropathy are unknown and will deserve a tight follow-up.


Le virus SARS-CoV-2 provoque un syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë, le symptôme principal de l'infection COVID-19 (pour «COronaVIrus Disease 2019¼). Cette maladie infectieuse provoque une pandémie de gravité sanitaire et socio-économique majeure depuis décembre 2019. La cible principale du SARS-CoV-2 serait l'alvéole pulmonaire. Néanmoins, ce coronavirus est capable d'affecter directement ou indirectement d'autres organes, y compris les reins. Nous résumons ici la physiopathologie présumée de l'atteinte rénale de la COVID-19. L'incidence de l'insuffisance rénale aiguë varie entre 0,5 à 22 % de tous les patients infectés par le SARS-CoV-2. La nécessité d'une épuration extra-rénale est rapportée chez 5-9 % des patients pris en charge aux soins intensifs. L'analyse histologique de biopsies rénales montre, principalement, une nécrose tubulaire aiguë de sévérité variable, ainsi qu'une congestion des capillaires glomérulaires et péri-tubulaires. Une endothélite a parfois été décrite. L'atteinte inflammatoire du glomérule reste débattue. Les conséquences à moyen/long termes de la néphropathie COVID-19 sont inconnues et mériteront un suivi étroit.


Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda , Betacoronavirus , Infecções por Coronavirus , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral , Injúria Renal Aguda/complicações , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/complicações , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2
11.
Rev Med Liege ; 75(S1): 123-129, 2020.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33211434

RESUMO

The breakthrough of the secrets of hypertension and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is one of the legends of medicine. The first chapter is the one of Tigerstedt's experiments about renin, and Loesch and Gollblatt's model of renal hypertension. The race to elucidate the mechanisms of angiotensin, angiotensinogen and the angiotensin conversion enzyme cascade, by Braun Menéndez and Page teams, is a second chapter. The puzzle of this elegant cascade is completed by aldosterone isolation by the collaboration of Tait spouses and Tadeus Rechstein. As a corollary of these findings, Conn made the first description of primary hyperaldosteronism. The elucidation of RAAS pathophysiology naturally led to the synthesis of the antihypertensive captopril by Ondetti and Cushman, thereby opening the modern era of ACE inhibitors and ARII blockers. In March 2020, a viral pandemic caused by SARS-Cov-2 ignites the entire planet. This new coronavirus uses the RAAS angiotensin conversion enzyme type 2 (ACE-2) as a gateway. The SARS-CoV-2/ACE-2 signalling pathway and its pathological effects on the cardio-respiratory and renal system of these patients initiate a new chapter. The interaction of SARS-Cov-2/ACE-2 axis with anti-hypertensive agents, as well as with ACE-2 activators and ACE-2 homologs, takes a part of an active international study searching for therapeutic targets. This modern research, summarized in this article, will further develop our knowledge of RAAS and, hopefully, will improve the management of COVID-19 patients.


La percée des secrets de l'hypertension artérielle et du système rénine-angiotensine-aldostérone (SRAA) est une des histoires légendaires de la médecine. Les expériences de Tigerstedt sur la rénine, puis le modèle d'hypertension rénale de Loesch et de Gollblatt, constituent un premier chapitre. La course pour élucider le mécanisme de l'angiotensine, l'angiotensinogène et l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine par les équipes de Braun Menéndez et de Page est un deuxième chapitre. Le puzzle de cette élégante cascade biochimique se complète par la description de l'aldostérone isolée par les époux Tait avec Tadeus Rechstein, et, comme corollaire, la description par Conn de l'hyperaldostéronisme primaire. La compréhension physiopathologique du SRAA amène naturellement à la synthèse de l'anti-hypertenseur captopril par Ondetti et Cushman, inaugurant l'ère moderne des inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine (IEC) et des antagonistes des récepteurs AT1 de l'angiotensine 2 (ARAII ou sartans). En mars 2020, une pandémie virale déclenchée par le SARS-CoV-2 embrase la planète. Ce coronavirus utilise comme porte d'entrée cellulaire l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine 2 (ACE-2) du SRAA. La voie de signalisation SARS-CoV-2/ACE-2 et ses effets, sur les systèmes cardio-respiratoire et rénal, ouvrent un nouveau chapitre. L'interaction de cet axe SARS-Cov-2/ACE-2 avec les antihypertenseurs, mais aussi les activateurs et homologues de l'ACE-2 font objet d'une étude internationale active, à la recherche de cibles thérapeutiques. Cette recherche, que nous synthétisons dans cet article, est destinée à développer notre connaissance sur le SRAA et, nous l'espérons, à améliorer peut-être la prise en charge des patients avec COVID-19.


Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/uso terapêutico , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2
12.
Rev Med Liege ; 75(9): 588-592, 2020 Sep.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32909410

RESUMO

The gut microbiota refers to the community of microorganisms living in the mammalian digestive tract. Over the past decades, numerous preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that gut microbiota is involved in the physiological homeostasis of the host, particularly in the immune and metabolic systems. Furthermore, the dysfunction of gut microbiota, also called "dysbiosis", has been associated with various diseases, such as the metabolic syndrome or chronic kidney disease. In this review, we summarize the knowledge about the possible role of gut microbiota in the development of arterial hypertension. We detail the pathophysiological mechanisms, namely involving short-chain fatty acids produced by the bacterial fermentation of food carbohydrates. These metabolites are reabsorbed by the intestinal mucosa and interact with a multitude of G-protein coupled receptors at the surface of cells involved in blood pressure regulation, including renal tubular cells. These observations open up innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in arterial hypertension, which is a major public health problem.


Le microbiote intestinal désigne la communauté des micro-organismes vivant dans le tube digestif des mammifères. Au cours des dernières années, de nombreuses études précliniques et cliniques ont suggéré que le microbiote intestinal est impliqué dans la régulation physiologique de l'hôte, notamment au niveau des systèmes immunitaires et métaboliques. Bien plus, le dysfonctionnement du microbiote intestinal, également appelé la dysbiose, a été associé à diverses maladies, telles que le syndrome métabolique ou l'insuffisance rénale chronique. Dans la présente revue, nous résumons l'état des connaissances à propos du possible rôle du microbiote intestinal dans le développement de l'hypertension artérielle. Nous en détaillons les mécanismes physiopathologiques impliquant, notamment, les acides gras à chaîne courte produits par la fermentation bactérienne des hydrates de carbone alimentaires. Ces métabolites sont réabsorbés par la muqueuse intestinale et interagissent avec une multitude de récepteurs couplés aux protéines G présents à la surface des cellules impliquées dans la régulation tensionnelle, telles que les cellules tubulaires rénales. Ces observations ouvrent de nouvelles voies diagnostiques et thérapeutiques dans un domaine de santé publique majeur qu'est l'hypertension artérielle.


Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Hipertensão , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Animais , Pressão Sanguínea , Humanos , Rim
13.
Rev Med Liege ; 75(5-6): 336-343, 2020 May.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32496676

RESUMO

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) impairs the quality of life and increases the risk for cardiovascular morbimortality. Intensive research is conducted in order to slow down CKD development and progression. During the past decade, a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of glomerular diseases has highlighted the benefits of rituximab. Progresses have also been made in the understanding of the mechanisms of autosomal polycystic kidney disease, the most frequent inherited kidney disease. These observations led to the discovery and validation of tolvaptan, a blocker of the V2 receptor of the antidiuretic hormone as an innovative treatment. Type 2 diabetic disease is the leading cause worldwide of endstage kidney disease and dialysis. The development of new drugs, such as the gliflozins (inhibiting the sodium glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule), has contributed to an improvement in the management of the cardiovascular and renal risks especially reducing congestive heart failure rate. Another important progress in nephrology since the beginning of the new century concerns a more precise estimation of the kidney function, which allows to better evaluate the slope of CKD progression and test the influence of different therapeutic approaches aiming at correcting anemia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis and disturbances of calcium and phosphate. The present review summarizes all of these major advances in the field of CKD diagnosis and treatment, and envisions the future of nephrology for the next decade.


L'insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) altère la qualité de vie, expose à une morbi-mortalité cardiovasculaire majorée, et peut conduire à la dialyse chronique et/ ou la transplantation rénale. Tout progrès qui freinerait le développement et la progression de cette IRC est le bienvenu. Au cours de ces dernières années, une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes physiopathologiques de certaines maladies glomérulaires a permis l'utilisation d'un traitement plus ciblé, le rituximab, qui apporte une nouvelle option dans des situations difficiles. Des progrès ont également été faits dans la compréhension des mécanismes expliquant la perte de fonction rénale chez le patient atteint de polykystose rénale autosomique dominante, la maladie rénale génétique la plus fréquente. Les études cliniques ont permis de démontrer la néphro-protection du tolvaptan, un antagoniste des récepteurs V2 de l'hormone antidiurétique. Dans le domaine du diabète de type 2, première cause mondiale de prise en charge en dialyse, l'avènement des gliflozines (inhibiteurs de la réabsorption tubulaire rénale de glucose et de sodium) a été une réelle révolution thérapeutique pour freiner l'évolution de l'insuffisance rénale chronique et limiter le risque cardiovasculaire (surtout la décompensation cardiaque) de ces patients. Enfin, une meilleure estimation de la fonction rénale a permis de mieux situer le patient dans sa vitesse de progression à travers les différents stades de l'IRC. Ce faisant, la gestion des anomalies métaboliques rencontrées au cours de celle-ci, telles qu'anémie, hyperkaliémie, acidose, troubles du métabolisme phosphocalcique, s'est améliorée. Cette revue fait état des avancées majeures dans le domaine du diagnostic de l'IRC et de ses traitements et envisage le futur de la néphrologie dans les 10 prochaines années.


Assuntos
Nefrologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Progressão da Doença , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Humanos , Rim , Nefrologia/tendências , Qualidade de Vida , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapia , Tolvaptan
14.
Rev Med Liege ; 74(11): 580-585, 2019 Nov.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31729846

RESUMO

The incidental finding of renal cysts is a common clinical situation given their high prevalence (~ 50 % after the age of 50) and the continuous improvement of abdomen imaging. Diagnosis is central to appropriately dictate the management of the patient. During the diagnostic work-up, it is important to consider (i) the aspect of the cysts, (ii) their number, (iii) and their location, as well as (iv) the age of the patient and his/her personal and familial medical history, (v) the presence of extra-renal manifestations, (vi) and the renal function (including the urinary sediment). Starting from an atypical clinical case characterized by a rapidly evolving chronic kidney disease associated with bilateral renal cysts, we review the classical diagnostic work-up of kidney cysts. As a conclusion, we propose a diagnostic algorithm including both acquired and hereditary nephropathies.


La découverte, souvent fortuite, de kystes rénaux est une situation clinique fréquente vu leur prévalence élevée (~ 50 % dès l'âge de 50 ans) et les progrès de l'imagerie abdominale. Un diagnostic étiologique conditionnera la prise en charge et le pronostic du patient. Lors de la démarche diagnostique, il est important de considérer (i) l'aspect des kystes, (ii) leur nombre et (iii) leur localisation, ainsi que (iv) l'âge du patient et ses antécédents personnels et familiaux, (v) la présence de manifestations extrarénales et (vi) la fonction rénale et le sédiment urinaire. A partir d'un cas clinique inhabituel présentant une insuffisance rénale chronique rapidement progressive associée à des kystes rénaux, nous revoyons la mise au point classique des kystes rénaux. En guise de conclusion, nous proposons un algorithme diagnostique incluant les néphropathies acquises et héréditaires.


Assuntos
Cistos , Nefropatias/diagnóstico , Cistos/diagnóstico , Cistos/genética , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Testes Genéticos , Humanos , Nefropatias/genética , Masculino
15.
Rev Med Liege ; 74(1): 15-19, 2019 Jan.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30680968

RESUMO

Diabetic nephropathy is a complication of diabetes that affects 25-40 % of diabetic patients. This complication is usually associated with other microangiopathic disorders. We describe a case of a patient suffering from type 2 diabetes with proteinuria, and no signs of retinopathy. This case allows us to discuss and review different etiologies of proteinuria in diabetic patients, particularly in patients who don't suffer from retinopathy.


La néphropathie diabétique est une complication qui affecte 25 à 40 % des patients diabétiques. Cette complication est classiquement associée à d'autres atteintes microangiopathiques. Nous rapportons ici l'histoire d'un patient diabétique de type 2 présentant une protéinurie sans signes de rétinopathie. Ce cas permet de discuter des différentes étiologies d'une protéinurie chez les patients diabétiques, en particulier chez les patients sans rétinopathie.


Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/diagnóstico , Glomerulonefrite/etiologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Idoso , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Evolução Fatal , Glomerulonefrite/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Proteinúria/etiologia
16.
Pharmacol Res ; 133: 101-107, 2018 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29715498

RESUMO

Bidirectional interactions exist between the kidneys and the gut. These interactions are commonly referred to as the gut-kidney axis. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to disturbances of the gut ecosystem. Key features include the increase of protein fermentation at the expense of carbohydrate fermentation and a disrupted epithelial barrier. A disturbed gut ecosystem may contribute to the high burden of cardiovascular disease in patients with CKD. The present review discusses the impact of CKD on the gut microenvironment and provides an update as to how gut dysbiosis and a leaky gut may be linked to accelerated cardiovascular disease and hypertension.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/microbiologia , Animais , Humanos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/tratamento farmacológico
17.
Rev Med Liege ; 72(12): 529-533, 2017 Dec.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29271132

RESUMO

The syndrome of "post-obstructive diuresis" corresponds to a massive polyuria and natriuresis occurring after the drainage of an obstructive acute kidney injury. Such a complication needs to be readily detected and managed because of the significant risk for haemodynamic disorders. On the basis of a clinical observation, we describe the pathophysiology of post-obstructive diuresis, as well as its diagnostic and therapeutic management.


Le syndrome de levée d'obstacle urinaire correspond à une polyurie et une natriurèse massives survenant lors du drainage des voies urinaires dans le cadre d'une insuffisance rénale obstructive. Cette complication doit être rapidement détectée vu les risques de répercussions hémodynamiques sévères. A partir d'une observation clinique, nous décrivons la physiopathologie et la prise en charge diagnostique et thérapeutique du syndrome de levée d'obstacle.


Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/cirurgia , Diurese/fisiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/terapia , Obstrução Ureteral/cirurgia , Idoso , Drenagem , Humanos , Masculino , Natriurese/fisiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/urina , Síndrome , Obstrução Ureteral/complicações , Obstrução Ureteral/diagnóstico , Obstrução Ureteral/urina
18.
Stem Cells Int ; 2017: 9717353, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28781597

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are fibroblast-like multipotent cells capable of tissue-repair properties. Given the essentiality of tight junctions (TJ) in epithelial integrity, we hypothesized that MSC modulate TJ formation, via the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) pathway. Liver kinase-ß1 (LKB1) and Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) represent the main kinases that activate AMPK. METHODS: The in vitro Ca2+ switch from 5 µM to 1.8 mM was performed using epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells cultured alone or cocultured with rat bone marrow-derived MSC or preexposed to MSC-conditioned medium. TJ assembly was measured by assessing ZO-1 relocation to cell-cell contacts. Experiments were conducted using MDCK stably expressing short-hairpin-RNA (shRNA) against LKB1 or luciferase (LUC, as controls). Compound STO-609 (50 µM) was used as CaMKK inhibitor. RESULTS: Following Ca2+ switch, ZO-1 relocation and phosphorylation/activation of AMPK were significantly higher in MDCK/MSC compared to MDCK. No difference in AMPK phosphorylation was observed between LKB1-shRNA and Luc-shRNA MDCK following Ca2+ switch. Conversely, incubation with STO-609 prior to Ca2+ switch prevented AMPK phosphorylation and ZO-1 relocation. MSC-conditioned medium slightly but significantly increased AMPK activation and accelerated TJ-associated distribution of ZO-1 post Ca2+ switch in comparison to regular medium. CONCLUSIONS: MSC modulate the assembly of epithelial TJ, via the CaMKK/AMPK pathway independently of LKB1.

19.
Oncogene ; 36(15): 2116-2130, 2017 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27775075

RESUMO

Myoferlin is a multiple C2-domain-containing protein that regulates membrane repair, tyrosine kinase receptor function and endocytosis in myoblasts and endothelial cells. Recently it has been reported as overexpressed in several cancers and shown to contribute to proliferation, migration and invasion of cancer cells. We have previously demonstrated that myoferlin regulates epidermal growth factor receptor activity in breast cancer. In the current study, we report a consistent overexpression of myoferlin in triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC) over cells originating from other breast cancer subtypes. Using a combination of proteomics, metabolomics and electron microscopy, we demonstrate that myoferlin depletion results in marked alteration of endosomal system and metabolism. Mechanistically, myoferlin depletion caused impaired vesicle traffic that led to a misbalance of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids. This provoked mitochondrial dysfunction in TNBC cells. As a consequence of the major metabolic stress, TNBC cells rapidly triggered AMP activated protein kinase-mediated metabolic reprogramming to glycolysis. This reduced their ability to balance between oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, rendering TNBC cells metabolically inflexible, and more sensitive to metabolic drug targeting in vitro. In line with this, our in vivo findings demonstrated a significantly reduced capacity of myoferlin-deficient TNBC cells to metastasise to lungs. The significance of this observation was further supported by clinical data, showing that TNBC patients whose tumors overexpress myoferlin have worst distant metastasis-free and overall survivals. This novel insight into myoferlin function establishes an important link between vesicle traffic, cancer metabolism and progression, offering new diagnostic and therapeutic concepts to develop treatments for TNBC patients.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas Musculares/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologia , Animais , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/biossíntese , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Vesículas Citoplasmáticas/metabolismo , Feminino , Glicólise , Xenoenxertos , Humanos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Proteínas de Membrana/biossíntese , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos SCID , Proteínas Musculares/biossíntese , Metástase Neoplásica , Fosforilação Oxidativa
20.
Rev Med Liege ; 71(4): 184-92, 2016 Apr.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27295898

RESUMO

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common inherited disease characterised by the progressive development of multiple and bilateral cysts in kidneys and other organs. Most patients with ADPKD will develop, sooner or later, end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The morbidity and mortality associated with ESRD prompt physicians to identify early ADPKD patients considered as "rapid progressors", who have the greatest risk to rapidly develop ESRD. The rate of progression can be assessed by clinical--especially with the "predicting renal outcome in polycystic kidney disease score" (PROPKD-Score)-, biological (a decline of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 4.4-5.9 ml/min/year and/or the doubling of serum creatinine within a 36-month period), or radiological criteria (total kidney volume (TKV) adjusted for the size > 600 cc/m and/or TKV annual growth rate > 5 %). Nowadays, there is no curative treatment for ADPKD. However, vasopressin-2 receptor antagonists, such as tolvaptan, appear to slow down the growth of renal cysts and the slope of GFR decline. The current management of ADPKD patients is mostly based on correcting the risk factors for progression, i.e. encouraging (over)-hydration, normalizing blood pressure, stimulating smoking cessation.


Assuntos
Progressão da Doença , Falência Renal Crônica/etiologia , Rim Policístico Autossômico Dominante/complicações , Creatinina/sangue , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Humanos , Falência Renal Crônica/diagnóstico , Falência Renal Crônica/terapia
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