Macrophages in acne vulgaris: mediating phagocytosis, inflammation, scar formation, and therapeutic implications.

Macrophages serve as a pivotal nexus in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris, orchestrating both the elimination of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) and lipid metabolic regulation while also possessing the capacity to exacerbate inflammation and induce cutaneous scarring. Additionally, recent investigations underscore the therapeutic potential inherent in macrophage modulation and challenge current anti-inflammatory strategies for acne vulgaris. This review distills contemporary advances, specifically examining the dual roles of macrophages, underlying regulatory frameworks, and emergent therapeutic avenues. Such nuanced insights hold the promise of guiding future explorations into the molecular etiology of acne and the development of more efficacious treatment modalities.

Expert consensus on perioperative integrated skincare for noninvasive energy-based device aesthetic procedures in clinical practice in China.

BACKGROUND: Noninvasive energy-based device (NI-EBD) aesthetic procedures has recently gained widespread usage for treating various skin conditions, enhancing skin texture and performing rejuvenation-related procedures. However, practically all NI-EBD procedures result in variable degrees of damage to the skin barrier, inducing pathological and physiological processes such as oxidative stress and inflammation, and only a small percentage of individuals possess the innate ability to restore it. OBJECTIVE: To introduce the concept of integrated skincare and establish standardized operational procedures for perioperative integrated skincare, and furnish a theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment performed by professional medical aestheticians. METHODS: The author leveraged domestic and international guidelines, clinical practice expertise and evidence-based research, adapting them to suit the specific circumstances in China. RESULTS: The consensus were provided four parts, including concept and essence of integrated skincare, integrated skincare significance during the perioperative phase of NI-EBD procedures, active ingredients and functions of effective skincare products, standardized perioperative skincare procedure for NI-EBD procedures and precautions. For the standardized perioperative skincare procedure, four recommendations were listed according to different stages during NI-EBD procedures. CONCLUSION: These recommendations create the 'Expert Consensus on Perioperative Integrated Skincare for Noninvasive Energy-Based Device Aesthetic Procedures in Clinical Practice in China'.

Modified red light 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy versus low-dose isotretinoin therapy for moderate to severe acne vulgaris: A prospective, randomized, multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Modified 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (M-PDT) and isotretinoin (ISO) are effective treatments for moderate to severe acne vulgaris. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of M-PDT and ISO for moderate to severe acne vulgaris. METHODS: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial was conducted with participants randomly assigned to the M-PDT group (up to 5 weekly sessions following manual comedone extraction) or the ISO group (oral ISO, 0.5 mg/kg/d for 6 months) and followed up to 6-months after therapy. RESULTS: A total of 152 patients were allocated. The overall effective rates in the M-PDT group were significantly higher than the ISO group at 1 month (67.74% vs 10.26%), whereas the opposite was the case 1 month after treatment (75.81% vs 97.44%). Time to achieve 50% lesion improvement in the M-PDT group was significantly less than the ISO group (1 vs 8 weeks). Overall, 70.67% of the ISO group patients experienced systemic side effects such as hepatotoxicity, whereas side effects were skin-limited in the M-PDT group. LIMITATIONS: Limitations of this study included relatively low numbers of participants and high withdrawal rate. CONCLUSION: M-PDT offers a more rapid onset of improvement, comparable overall efficacy, good tolerability, and comparable durability of response compared with ISO.

Tumor-derived proliferative CTCs and CTC clusters predict aggressiveness and early recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma patients.

BACKGROUND: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), an indispensable liquid biopsy classifier, can provide extra information for the diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: We systematically analyzed the peripheral blood of preoperative HCC patients (n = 270) for CTC number, Ki67 index reflecting the proliferative CTC percentage (PCP), and CTC clusters correlated with the characteristics of malignant HCC tumors. RESULTS: Driver gene mutations were found with high levels of consistency between CTCs and primary tumors (n = 73). CTC number and PCP were associated with tumor size, microvascular invasion (MVI), presence or absence of multiple tumors, and thrombosis significantly. CTC number and PCP robustly separated patients with and without relapse, with a sensitivity of 88.89%/81.48% and a specificity of 72.73%/94.81% in the training set (n = 104) and corresponding values of 80.00%/86.67% and 78.38%/89.19% in the validation set (n = 52), showing a better performance than that associated with the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level. CTC number, PCP, CTC clusters, and MVI were independent significant risk factors for HCC recurrence (P = 0.0375, P < 0.0001, P = 0.0017, and P = 0.0157). A nomogram model based on these risk factors showed a considerable prediction ability for HCC recurrence (area under the curve = 0.947). PCP (training: log-rank P < 0.0001; hazard ratio [HR] 30.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 11.12-81.62; validation: log-rank P < 0.0001; HR 25.73, 95% CI = 5.28-106.60) and CTC clusters (training: log-rank P < 0.0001; HR 17.34, 95% CI = 7.46-40.30; validation: log-rank P < 0.0001; HR 9.92, 95% CI = 2.55-38.58) were more significantly correlated with worse recurrence-free survival than CTC number (training: log-rank P < 0.0001; HR 14.93, 95% CI = 4.48-49.78; validation: log-rank P = 0.0007; HR 9.03, 95% CI = 2.53-32.24). CONCLUSION: PCP and CTC clusters may predict HCC recurrence and improve the performance of the serum biomarker AFP.

Clinical practice Guidelines for 5-Aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for acne vulgaris in China.

A variety of evidence suggest that 5-Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) is clinically effective in management of acne vulgaris. Several clinical guidelines for acne recommend PDT as an alternative treatment modality for severe acne. However, there is a lack of detailed clinical guideline for PDT in acne treatment. To propose up-to-date, evidence-based and practical recommendations on application of ALA-PDT for acne vulgaris, dermatologists and PDT experts from the Photodynamic Therapy Research Center of the CMA and Photodynamic Therapy Rehabilitation Training Center of CARD achieved consensus and guidelines based on careful evaluation of published literature, expert opinions and experience. ALA-PDT plays a therapeutic role in all four major pathogenesis of acne, and is suitable for moderate to severe acne and scar-prone acne, especially for patients who cannot tolerate or refused systemic antibiotics and isotretinoin. The efficacy and adverse reactions of ALA-PDT are closely related to therapeutic parameters including ALA concentration, incubation time, light source and dosage. Proper pretreatment helps to improve transdermal absorption of ALA and enhances its efficacy. We reviewed and proposed recommended protocols for four PDT procedures including conventional PDT (C-PDT), modified painless PDT (M-PDT), intense pulsed light PDT (IPL-PDT) and daylight PDT (DL-PDT). M-PDT with lower ALA concentration (3-5%), shorter incubation time (30 mins), and lower dose but prolonged illumination (630nm, 40-60 mW/cm2, 150 J/cm2) can improve lesions of moderate to severe acne vulgaris effectively with minimal pain and easier manipulation, and thus was recommended by Chinese dermatologists. Lastly, management of adverse reactions were addressed.

Factors associated with treatment satisfaction in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa: results from the Global VOICE project.

BACKGROUND: Nearly half of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) report dissatisfaction with their treatment. However, factors related to treatment satisfaction have not been explored. OBJECTIVES: To measure associations between treatment satisfaction and clinical and treatment-related characteristics among patients with HS. METHODS: Treatment satisfaction was evaluated utilizing data from a cross-sectional global survey of patients with HS recruited from 27 institutions, mainly HS referral centres, in 14 different countries from October 2017 to July 2018. The primary outcome was patients' self-reported overall satisfaction with their current treatments for HS, rated on a five-point scale from 'very dissatisfied' to 'very satisfied'. RESULTS: The final analysis cohort comprised 1418 patients with HS, most of whom were European (55%, 780 of 1418) or North American (38%, 542 of 1418), and female (85%, 1210 of 1418). Overall, 45% (640 of 1418) of participants were either dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with their current medical treatment. In adjusted analysis, patients primarily treated by a dermatologist for HS had 1·99 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·62-2·44, P < 0·001] times the odds of being satisfied with current treatment than participants not primarily treated by a dermatologist. Treatment with biologics was associated with higher satisfaction [odds ratio (OR) 2·36, 95% CI 1·74-3·19, P < 0·001] relative to treatment with nonbiologic systemic medications. Factors associated with lower treatment satisfaction included smoking (OR 0·78, 95% CI 0·62-0·99; active vs. never), depression (OR 0·69, 95% CI 0·54-0·87), increasing number of comorbidities (OR 0·88 per comorbidity, 95% CI 0·81-0·96) and increasing flare frequency. CONCLUSIONS: There are several factors that appear to positively influence satisfaction with treatment among patients with HS, including treatment by a dermatologist and treatment with a biologic medication. Factors that appear to lower treatment satisfaction include active smoking, depression, accumulation of comorbid conditions and increasing flare frequency. Awareness of these factors may support partnered decision making with the goal of improving treatment outcomes. What is already known about this topic? Nearly half of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa report dissatisfaction with their treatments. What does this study add? Satisfaction with treatment is increased by receiving care from a dermatologist and treatment with biologics. Satisfaction with treatment is decreased by tobacco smoking, accumulation of comorbid conditions including depression, and higher flare frequency. What are the clinical implications of this work? Awareness of the identified factors associated with poor treatment satisfaction may support partnered decision making and improve treatment outcomes.

Aging in the sebaceous gland.

Sebaceous glands (SGs) originate from hair follicular stem cells and secrete lipids to lubricate the skin. The coordinated effects of intrinsic and extrinsic aging factors generate degradation of SGs at a late age. Senescence of SGs could be a mirror of the late aging of both the human body and skin. The procedure of SG aging goes over an initial SG hyperplasia at light-exposed skin areas to end with SG atrophy, decreased sebum secretion, and altered sebum composition, which is related to skin dryness, lack of brightness, xerosis, roughness, desquamation, and pruritus. During differentiation and aging of SGs, many signaling pathways, such as Wnt/ß-catenin, c-Myc, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and p53 pathways, are involved. Random processes lead to random cell and DNA damage due to the production of free radicals during the lifespan and neuroendocrine system alterations. Extrinsic factors include sunlight exposure (photoaging), environmental pollution, and cigarette smoking, which can directly activate signaling pathways, such as Wnt/ß-catenin, Notch, AhR, and p53 pathways, and are probably associated with the de-differentiation and hyperplasia of SGs, or indirectly activate the abovementioned signaling pathways by elevating the inflammation level. The production of ROS during intrinsic SG aging is less, the signaling pathways are activated slowly and mildly, and sebocytes are still differentiated, yet terminal differentiation is not completed. With extrinsic factors, relevant signaling pathways are activated rapidly and fiercely, thus inhibiting the differentiation of progenitor sebocytes and even inducing the differentiation of progenitor sebocytes into keratinocytes. The management of SG aging is also mentioned.

Enhancement of Mass and Charge Transfer during Carbon Dioxide Photoreduction by Enhanced Surface Hydrophobicity without a Barrier Layer.

The CO2 reduction reaction (CRR) represents a promising route for the clean utilization of renewable resources. But mass-transfer limitations seriously hinder the forward step. Enhancing the surface hydrophobicity by using polymers has been proved to be one of the most efficient strategies. However, as macromolecular organics, polymers on the surface hinder the transfer of charge carriers from catalysts to reactants. Herein, we describe an in-situ surface fluorination strategy to enhance the surface hydrophobicity of TiO2 without a barrier layer of organics, thus facilitating the mass transfer of CO2 to catalysts and charge transfer. With less obstruction to charge transfer, a higher CO2, and lower H+ surface concentration, the photocatalytic CRR generation rate of methanol (CH3 OH) is greatly enhanced to up to 247.15 µmol g-1 h-1 . Furthermore, we investigated the overall defects; enhancing the surface hydrophobicity of catalysts provides a general and reliable method to improve the competitiveness of CRR.

Non-Coding RNAs Implicated in the Tumor Microenvironment of Colorectal Cancer: Roles, Mechanisms and Clinical Study.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors. The morbidity and mortality rates have been increasing all over the world. It is critical to elucidate the mechanism of CRC occurrence and development. However, tumor microenvironment (TME) includes immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, cytokines, chemokines and other components that affect the progression of CRC and patients' prognosis. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs) without protein-coding ability have been shown to engage in tumor microenvironment-mediated angiogenesis and metastasis. Therefore, clarifying the mechanism of ncRNAs regulating the microenvironment is very important to develop the therapeutic target of CRC and improve the survival time of patients. This review focuses on the role and mechanism of ncRNAs in the CRC microenvironment and puts forward possible clinical treatment strategies.

Defects engineering simultaneously enhances activity and recyclability of MOFs in selective hydrogenation of biomass.

The development of synthetic methodologies towards enhanced performance in biomass conversion is desirable due to the growing energy demand. Here we design two types of Ru impregnated MIL-100-Cr defect engineered metal-organic frameworks (Ru@DEMOFs) by incorporating defective ligands (DLs), aiming at highly efficient catalysts for biomass hydrogenation. Our results show that Ru@DEMOFs simultaneously exhibit boosted recyclability, selectivity and activity with the turnover frequency being about 10 times higher than the reported values of polymer supported Ru towards D-glucose hydrogenation. This work provides in-depth insights into (i) the evolution of various defects in the cationic framework upon DLs incorporation and Ru impregnation, (ii) the special effect of each type of defects on the electron density of Ru nanoparticles and activation of reactants, and (iii) the respective role of defects, confined Ru particles and metal single active sites in the catalytic performance of Ru@DEMOFs for D-glucose selective hydrogenation as well as their synergistic catalytic mechanism.

N6-Methyladenosine Methylation Regulator RBM15 is a Potential Prognostic Biomarker and Promotes Cell Proliferation in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma.

RNA binding motif protein 15 (RBM15) is a key regulatory factor involved in N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation. It has been reported that RBM15 plays an important role in the progress of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), promoting LSCC migration and invasion. However, the role of RBM15 in human different cancers remains unknown. This study aims to analyze the prognostic value of RBM15, and to demonstrate the correlation between RBM15 expression and tumor immunity, as well as to provide clues for further mechanism research. The results showed that RBM15 was mutated or copy number varied in 25 types of cancer. RBM15 mRNA was abnormally up-regulated across various cancers. Survival analysis suggested high expression of RBM15 was associated with poor prognosis in many cancer types. Among these, it affected patients' overall survival (OS) in 10 cancer types, disease-free interval (DFI) in 8 cancer types, progression-free interval (PFI) in 12 cancer types and disease-specific survival (DSS) in 7 cancer types. Importantly, in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD), overexpression of RBM15 is associated with patients' OS, DFI, PFI, or DSS. In addition, RBM15 expression was positively correlated with immune infiltrating cells in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), brain lower grade glioma (LGG), and PAAD. Moreover, RBM15 expression showed a strong correlation with immune checkpoint markers in PAAD. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay showed that knockdown of RBM15 significantly inhibited the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. PPI analysis showed USP10, USP24, SMG1, NRAS were closely connected with RBM15 alterations. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that many biological processes (BP), cellular components (CC), molecular functions (MF), cancer related pathways including "sister chromatid cohesion", "peptidyl-serine phosphorylation", "cell division", "nucleoplasm", "nucleus", "protein binding", "protein serine/threonine kinase activity", "T cell receptor signaling pathway", "Cell cycle" were regulated by RBM15 alterations. Taken together, pan-cancer analysis of RBM15 suggested it may be served as a prognostic biomarker and immunotherapeutic target for PAAD.

AhR Regulates Peptidoglycan-Induced Inflammatory Gene Expression in Human Keratinocytes.

Bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) stimulates toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) on the surface of keratinocytes (KCs), triggering signaling pathways that promote an innate immune response. However, excessive TLR2 activation can lead to inappropriate inflammation, which contributes to skin conditions such as rosacea. To better treat these conditions, there is a need to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate the cellular response to TLR2 activation in the skin. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor that modulates the immune response in KCs and is a promising therapeutic target for inflammatory skin diseases. Here, we investigated the role of the AhR in regulating the transcriptional response of human KCs to PGN. We performed whole-transcriptome sequencing in wild-type and AhR-depleted KCs after PGN stimulation. AhR depletion altered the expression of 72 genes in response to PGN, leading to increased expression of 48 genes and repression of 24 genes, including interleukin (IL)-1ß. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that PGN stimulation resulted in AhR binding the promoters of IL-1ß and IL-6 to activate them. More broadly, AhR promoted inflammatory gene expression by increasing JNK/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and FosB expression. Finally, we observed that AhR depletion increased TLR2 expression itself, raising the hypothesis that AhR may serve to restrain TLR2-mediated inflammation in KCs through negative feedback. Viewed together, our findings demonstrate a significant and complex role for AhR in modulating the expression of inflammatory genes in KCs in response to PGN.

Pancytopenia in a newborn due to maternal piperacillin and human leukocyte antigen antibodies.

BACKGROUND: Piperacillin antibody-induced immune hemolytic anemia is not rare in adults, and there have been reports of anti-HLA antibody-induced newborn platelet transfusion refractoriness. However, there has been no report of piperacillin-accompanied anti-HLA antibody-induced newborn pancytopenia. CASE REPORT: We herein present the case of a newborn with pancytopenia from a mother who carried anti-HLA-B55, anti-HLA-DR11, and piperacillin antibodies. The newborn HLA genotypes were HLA*B55:02 and HLA*DRB1*11:01. IgG antibodies can be transferred to the newborn via the placenta and induce the destruction of the platelet and white blood cells, which carry the corresponding antigens. Piperacillin antibodies coupling with newborn red blood cells (RBCs) led to the destruction of the RBCs and hemolytic anemia. RESULTS: The direct anti-globulin test was positive for RBCs in the newborn, and piperacillin antibodies were positive in both the newborn and his mother. Anti-HLA antibodies were positive in the maternal serum, whereas homologous antigens were positive in the newborn. The direct anti-globulin test of platelet was weekly positive in the newborn. CONCLUSION: Piperacillin and anti-HLA antibodies can pass through the placenta, induce incompatible blood cell destruction, and cause a series of clinical syndromes in newborns.

Pan-Cancer Analysis Reveals FH as a Potential Prognostic and Immunological Biomarker in Lung Adenocarcinoma.

Fumarate hydratase (FH) is an important enzymatic component in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Studies have reported that FH plays an important role in hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC). However, the role of FH in human different cancers remains unknown. This study is aimed at analyzing the prognostic value of FH and demonstrating the correlation between FH expression and tumor immunity. Results showed that FH was mutated or copy number varied in 27 types of cancer. FH mRNA was abnormally upregulated across various cancers. Survival analysis suggested high expression of FH was associated with poor prognosis in many cancer types, including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Additionally, FH expression was associated with immune infiltration, including B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, especially in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), LUAD, and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). Moreover, FH expression showed a strong correlation with immune checkpoint markers in LUAD and testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT). These results indicate that FH is an immunotherapeutic target and a potential prognostic biomarker in LUAD.

Resveratrol ameliorates lipid accumulation and inflammation in human SZ95 sebocytes via the AMPK signaling pathways in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Acne vulgaris is a prevalent skin disease lacking effective and well-tolerated treatment. An earlier study indicated that resveratrol (RVT) has therapeutic effects in acne patients through unknown mechanisms. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of RVT on linoleic acid (LA)-induced lipogenesis and peptidoglycan (PGN)-induced inflammation in cultured SZ95 sebocytes in vitro, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: RNA-sequencing was used to analyze the whole transcriptome. Nile red staining was used to detect intracellular neutral lipids, whereas lipidomics was used to investigate changes in the lipid profile in sebocytes. Interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6 mRNA and protein levels were assessed through quantitative real-time PCR and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Western blot was used to evaluate the expression of lipogenesis-related proteins, the inflammatory signaling pathway, and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. Further, specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knockdown sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) expression. RESULTS: RVT inhibited the lipogenesis-related pathway and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in SZ95 sebocytes. It also downregulated LA-induced lipogenesis, the expression of lipid-related proteins, and the contents of unsaturated fatty acids. Besides, RVT promoted SIRT1 expression and deacetylation of the NF-κB p65 subunit, thereby lowering IL-1ß and IL-6 secretion under PGN induction. Furthermore, pretreatment with AMPK inhibitor Compound C abolished RVT-mediated sebosuppressive and anti-inflammation effects. Meanwhile, SIRT1 silencing abrogated the anti-inflammatory potential of RVT. CONCLUSION: In human SZ95 sebocytes, RVT exhibits sebosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects partially through the AMPK pathway, which may justify the role of RVT treatment in acne vulgaris.

Single-Metallic Thermoresponsive Coordination Network as a Dual-Parametric Luminescent Thermometer.

The single-metallic coordination networks (CNs), simultaneously exhibiting temperature-dependent lifetime (TDLT) and emission band shift (TDEBS), are desirable for application in luminescent thermometers with high accuracy and reliability in a large temperature range. Nonetheless, up to date, there are no reports on such kinds of materials due to the lack of in-depth understanding of the origin of TDLT and TDEBS at a molecule level, being critical for exploiting a universal approach to design a dual-parametric CN phosphorescent thermometer (CN-PT). Herein, we have constructed a thermoresponsive CN [Cu2(L1)Br2]∞ (IAM21-1, L1 = N1,N6-di(pyridin-3-yl)adipamide) via a flexible-ligand-implanted strategy. The TDLT and TDEBS properties of IAM21-1 enable it to be applied as a single-metallic dual-parametric CN-PT in 50-500 K, which is the widest temperature range reported so far. The combination of structure analysis and DFT calculations demonstrates that the redshift of the emission band upon the decreasing temperature originates from the reversible skeleton-shrinkage-triggered narrower band gap. This work has unveiled the origin of TDLT and TDEBS properties and proposed an efficient strategy for designing dual-parametric CN-PTs.

The effect of surface-capping oleic acid on the optical properties of lanthanide-doped nanocrystals.

The rapid development of nanotechnology has placed a higher demand on the synthesis of nanomaterials. Benefiting from its capability to keep nanoparticles away from aggregation, oleic acid (OA) has been routinely utilized as a capping agent in the synthesis of monodisperse nanocrystals. To satisfy downstream biological applications, hydrophobic OA capping on the surface should be removed or coated, but scarce attention has been paid to its influence on the optical properties of nanocrystals. In this work, the effect of surface-capping OA has been systematically explored on the optical properties of lanthanide-doped upconversion and downshifting nanocrystals, respectively. The emission intensity and lifetime of emissive lanthanides have been compared between OA-capped and ligand-free nanocrystals either in solid state or in colloidal solution. In solid state, surface-capping OA can significantly influence both emission intensity and radiative transition possibility of emissive lanthanides. However, in colloidal solution, a distinct variation between OA-capped and ligand-free nanocrystals is observed. Besides, the effect of OA on the luminescence dynamics of lanthanides with different energy gaps (emitting level to the next-lower-energy level) has been investigated in colloidal solution. The possible mechanism for the effect of OA on the optical properties of lanthanide-doped nanocrystals has been further proposed.

Chinese guidelines on the clinical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy in dermatology (2021 edition).

Photodynamic Therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA-PDT) has been widely applied in the treatment of skin diseases in China. To further standardize, guide, and promote the clinical applications of ALA-PDT in dermatology, the Chinese Society of Dermatology, Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Dermatology, Photomedicine Therapeutic Equipment Group of Committee on Skin Disease, and Cosmetic Dermatology of China Association of Medical Equipment invited relevant experts engaged in ALA-PDT to revise and update the first edition of "Clinical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy: an expert consensus statement" and establish a more current edition, to provide an updated reference for Chinese dermatologists in clinical practice. In the guideline, the expert group reached consensus opinions on ALA-PDT with regard to mechanisms of action, therapeutic protocol, clinical applications, adverse reactions and countermeasures, precautions, care, and evaluation of efficacy.