A Military Audio Dataset for Situational Awareness and Surveillance.

Audio classification related to military activities is a challenging task due to the high levels of background noise and the lack of suitable and publicly available datasets. To bridge this gap, this paper constructs and introduces a new military audio dataset, named MAD, which is suitable for training and evaluating audio classification systems. The proposed MAD dataset is extracted from various military videos and contains 8,075 sound samples from 7 classes corresponding to approximately 12 hours, exhibiting distinctive characteristics not presented in academic datasets typically used for machine learning research. We present a comprehensive description of the dataset, including its acoustic statistics and examples. We further conduct a comprehensive sound classification study of various deep learning algorithms on the MAD dataset. We are also releasing the source code to make it easy to build these systems. The presented dataset will be a valuable resource for evaluating the performance of existing algorithms and for advancing research in the field of acoustic-based hazardous situation surveillance systems.

Ankle and toe weakness caused by calcified ligamentum flavum cyst: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Ligamentum flavum cysts, which are most common in mobile junctional levels of the spine, can be a rare cause of spinal stenosis. There have been several case reports of ligamentum flavum cysts. However, there is yet to be a documented case report of a calcified ligamentum flavum cyst. Herein, we report the first case of a calcified ligamentum flavum cyst causing ankle and toe weakness. CASE SUMMARY: A 66-year-old male visited our hospital complaining of claudication as well as thigh and calf pain in his left leg, all beginning two weeks prior. Physical examination revealed motor weakness of the left ankle dorsiflexion and great toe dorsiflexion. Lumbar spinal computed tomography scans showed spinal stenosis combined with a calcified mass at the left side of the L4-5 level. Magnetic resonance imaging showed dural sac compression caused by the calcified mass at the left ligamentum flavum of the L4-5 level. We performed decompressive laminectomy and excision of the calcified mass combined with posterior lumbar interbody fusion at the L4-5 level. Intra-operatively, we found a firm and nodule like mass originating from the ventral surface of ligamentum flavum. Pathological examination suggested a calcified pseudocyst without a capsular lining. After the operation, the patient's motor weakness in the ankle and great toe improved gradually. CONCLUSION: The patient's ankle and great toe weakness were improved successfully after surgical removal of the calcified cyst.

Application of Escherichia coli-Derived Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenic Protein-2 to Unstable Spinal Fractures.

(1) Background: Recently, Escherichia coli-derived recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (E. coli-derived rhBMP-2) has been increasingly applied to different types of spinal surgeries and reported to achieve successful fusion. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of rhBMP-2 in patients undergoing posterior instrumented fusions for unstable spinal fractures. (2) Methods: This study included ten consecutive patients undergoing spinal surgery using E. coli-derived rhBMP-2 with more than one year of follow-up. Radiologic outcomes were compared, including the average fracture healing period, local kyphosis correction, and clinical outcomes between preoperative and the last follow-up. (3) Results: The average time of radiographic union was 99.9 ± 45.4 (62-192) days, with an average use of 5.2 ± 3.9 months of anabolic agents. Radiologic parameters such as anterior vertebral height and vertebral wedge angle were significantly corrected postoperatively and at the last follow-up. Clinical outcomes other than leg pain were significantly improved after the surgery. In addition, four patients with preoperative neurologic deficits showed improved neurologic status. (4) Conclusions: Combined with the anabolic agents, applying E. coli-derived rhBMP-2 to the fractured vertebral body could be an effective surgical treatment for unstable spinal fractures. Further trials are needed to validate this result.

Nanoarchitectonics of Bimetallic MOF@Lab-Grade Flexible Filter Papers: An Approach Towards Real-Time Water Decontamination and Circular Economy.

This study presents a novel approach to decontaminate ferrocyanide-contaminated wastewater. The work effectively demonstrates the use of bimetallic Mo/Zr-UiO-66 as a super-adsorbent for rapid sequestration of Prussian blue, a frequently found iron complex in cyanide-contaminated soils/groundwater. The exceptional performance of Mo/Zr-UiO-66 is attributed to the insertion of secondary metallic sites, which deliver synergistic effects, benefiting the inherent qualities of the framework. Moreover, to extend the industrial applications of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in real-world scenarios, an approach is delivered to structure the nanocrystalline powders into MOF-based macrostructures. The work demonstrates an interfacial process to develop continuous MOF nanostructures on ordinary laboratory-grade filter papers. The novelty of the work lies in the development of robust free-standing filtration materials to purify PB dye-contaminated water. Additionally, the work embraces a circular economy concept to address problems related to resource scarcity, excessive waste production, and maintenance of economic benefits. Consequently, the PB dye-loaded adsorbent waste is re-employed for the adsorption of heavy metals (Pb2+ and Cd2+ ). Simultaneously, the study aims to address the problems related to the real-time handling of powdered adsorbents, and the generation of ecologically harmful secondary waste, thereby, progressing toward a more sustainable system.

Microfluidic-Assisted Synthesis of Metal-Organic Framework -Alginate Micro-Particles for Sustained Drug Delivery.

Drug delivery systems (DDS) are continuously being explored since humans are facing more numerous complicated diseases than ever before. These systems can preserve the drug's functionality and improve its efficacy until the drug is delivered to a specific site within the body. One of the least used materials for this purpose are metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). MOFs possess many properties, including their high surface area and the possibility for the addition of functional surface moieties, that make them ideal drug delivery vehicles. Such properties can be further improved by combining different materials (such as metals or ligands) and utilizing various synthesis techniques. In this work, the microfluidic technique is used to synthesize Zeolitic Imidazole Framework-67 (ZIF-67) containing cobalt ions as well as its bimetallic variant with cobalt and zinc as ZnZIF-67 to be subsequently loaded with diclofenac sodium and incorporated into sodium alginate beads for sustained drug delivery. This study shows the utilization of a microfluidic approach to synthesize MOF variants. Furthermore, these MOFs were incorporated into a biopolymer (sodium alginate) to produce a reliable DDS which can perform sustained drug releases for up to 6 days (for 90% of the full amount released), whereas MOFs without the biopolymer showed sudden release within the first day.

Characterization of bipolar plates manufactured with various Pb/C ratios for unitized regenerative fuel cell system.

The weight reduction of the bipolar plate (BP) is essential for commercializing unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs). In order to lighten the weight of the bipolar plate, we have used Pb/C composite powder as a cost-effective primary material, which is a mixture of low-density graphite and lead. Further, varied lead-carbon weight ratios (1: 8, 1:4, 1:1, 4:1, and 8:1) were investigated for fabricating the bipolar plate by hot-pressing process adding styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) as a binder. The specific surface area, porosity, and microstructure characteristics corresponding to the varied lead-graphite ratio of the prepared bipolar plates were studied. The relative difference in conductivity upon the compressibility of the plates is also examined. Finally, the wettability and electrochemical properties of the prepared bipolar plates were evaluated through water contact angle and cyclic voltammetry analysis.

Effect of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis on Treatment of Osteoporosis: Comparison of Three Oral Bisphosphonate Therapies.

(1) Background: Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) causes uncomfortable neuropathic symptoms, which can negatively affect osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of LSS on bone mineral density (BMD) in patients treated with one of three oral bisphosphonates (ibandronate, alendronate and risedronate) for initially diagnosed osteoporosis. (2) Methods: We included 346 patients treated with oral bisphosphonates for three years. We compared annual BMD T-scores and BMD increases between the two groups according to symptomatic LSS. The therapeutic efficacies of the three oral bisphosphonates in each group were also evaluated. (3) Results: Annual and total increases in BMD were significantly greater in group I (osteoporosis) compared to group II (osteoporosis + LSS). The total increase in BMD for three years was significantly greater in the ibandronate and alendronate subgroups than that in the risedronate subgroup (0.49 vs. 0.45 vs. 0.25, p < 0.001). Ibandronate showed a significantly greater increase in BMD than that of risedronate in group II (0.36 vs. 0.13, p = 0.018). (4) Conclusions: Symptomatic LSS may interfere with the increase in BMD. Ibandronate and alendronate were more effective in treating osteoporosis than risedronate. In particular, ibandronate was more effective than risedronate in patients with both osteoporosis and LSS.

Adult asthma with symptomatic eosinophilic inflammation is accompanied by alteration in gut microbiome.

BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiome is associated with asthma. However, altered gut microbiome in adult asthma is not yet well established. We aimed to investigate the gut microbiome profiles of adult asthmatic patients with symptomatic eosinophilic inflammation. METHODS: The 16 s rRNA gene metagenomic analysis of feces in the symptomatic eosinophilic asthma group (EA, n = 28) was compared with the healthy control (HC, n = 18) and the chronic cough control (CC, n = 13). A correlation analysis between individual taxa and clinical markers was performed within the EA group. Changes in the gut microbiome were examined in patients with significant symptom improvement in the EA group. RESULTS: The relative abundances of Lachnospiraceae and Oscillospiraceae significantly decreased and Bacteroidetes increased in the EA group. Within EA group, Lachnospiraceae was negatively correlated with indicators of type 2 inflammation and lung function decline. Enterobacteriaceae and Prevotella was positively associated with type 2 inflammation and lung function decline, respectively. The abundance of predicted genes associated with amino acid metabolism and secondary bile acid biosynthesis was diminished in the EA group. These functional gene family alterations could be related to gut permeability, and the serum lipopolysaccharide concentration was actually high in the EA group. EA patients with symptom improvement after 1 month did not show a significant change in the gut microbiome. CONCLUSIONS: Symptomatic eosinophilic adult asthma patients showed altered the gut microbiome composition. Specifically, a decrease in commensal clostridia was observed, and a decrease in Lachnospiraceae was correlated with blood eosinophilia and lung function decline.

Design and Methods of a Prospective Smartphone App-Based Study for Digital Phenotyping of Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Mixed With Centralized and Decentralized Research Form: The Search Your Mind (S.Y.M., ) Project.

In this study, the Search Your Mind (S.Y.M., ) project aimed to collect prospective digital phenotypic data centered on mood and anxiety symptoms across psychiatric disorders through a smartphone application (app) platform while using both centralized and decentralized research designs: the centralized research design is a hybrid of a general prospective observational study and a digital platform-based study, and it includes face-to-face research such as informed written consent, clinical evaluation, and blood sampling. It also includes digital phenotypic assessment through an application-based platform using wearable devices. Meanwhile, the decentralized research design is a non-face-to-face study in which anonymous participants agree to electronic informed consent forms on the app. It also exclusively uses an application-based platform to acquire individualized digital phenotypic data. We expect to collect clinical, biological, and digital phenotypic data centered on mood and anxiety symptoms, and we propose a possible model of centralized and decentralized research design.

Improved Spoken Language Representation for Intent Understanding in a Task-Oriented Dialogue System.

Successful applications of deep learning technologies in the natural language processing domain have improved text-based intent classifications. However, in practical spoken dialogue applications, the users' articulation styles and background noises cause automatic speech recognition (ASR) errors, and these may lead language models to misclassify users' intents. To overcome the limited performance of the intent classification task in the spoken dialogue system, we propose a novel approach that jointly uses both recognized text obtained by the ASR model and a given labeled text. In the evaluation phase, only the fine-tuned recognized language model (RLM) is used. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme is effective at classifying intents in the spoken dialogue system containing ASR errors.

Surface engineering of silica based materials with Ni-Fe layered double hydroxide for the efficient removal of methyl orange: Isotherms, kinetics, mechanism and high selectivity studies.

Herein, low-cost diatomite (DE) and bentonite (BE) materials were surface modified with Ni-Fe layered double hydroxide (LDHs) (represented as NFD and NFB respectively), using a simple co-precipitation procedure for the removal of methyl orange (MO) dye from water. The adsorbents of both before and after MO adsorption have been studied by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, FTIR, FESEM-EDX and XPS characterization. The zeta potential analysis was used to observe the surface charge of adsorbents within the pH ranges of 4-10. The MO removal efficiency was significantly improved after LDHs modification, showing a 94.7% and 92.6% efficiency for NFD and NFB at pH 6, respectively. Whereas bare DE and BE have shown removal efficiency of 15.5% and 4.9% respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities of NFD and NFB using the Langmuir isotherm model were found to be 246.9 mgg-1 and 215.9 mgg-1 respectively. The designed NFD showed high selectivity towards anionic-based dyes from water and also the effect of salts shows the dye removal percentage was increased and decreased for the addition of Na2SO4 and NaCl, respectively. The reusability of NFD and NFB have been studied for a maximum of five cycles and they can remove MO up to four cycles. Therefore, the designed adsorbents can be very effective towards the removal of MO from water and they may be useful for dye-based wastewater treatment.

Functionalized Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Focused Review.

Biomaterials have been widely used in tissue engineering applications at an increasing rate in recent years. The increased clinical demand for safe scaffolds, as well as the diversity and availability of biomaterials, has sparked rapid interest in fabricating diverse scaffolds to make significant progress in tissue engineering. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has drawn substantial attention in recent years owing to its excellent physical, chemical, and biological properties and facile adaptable surface functionalization with other innumerable essential materials. This focused review spotlights a brief introduction on HAP, scope, a historical outline, basic structural features/properties, various synthetic strategies, and their scientific applications concentrating on functionalized HAP in the diverse area of tissue engineering fields such as bone, skin, periodontal, bone tissue fixation, cartilage, blood vessel, liver, tendon/ligament, and corneal are emphasized. Besides clinical translation aspects, the future challenges and prospects of HAP based biomaterials involved in tissue engineering are also discussed. Furthermore, it is expected that researchers may find this review expedient in gaining an overall understanding of the latest advancement of HAP based biomaterials.

Cerium based UiO-66 MOF as a multipollutant adsorbent for universal water purification.

Herein, we demonstrate the use of cerium (Ce)-UiO-66 metal organic framework (MOF) for the removal of a variety of potentially toxic pollutants. The Ce-UiO-66 MOF, with similar framework topologies to Zr-UiO-66, has not been explored for its adsorptive properties in water remediation. The replacement of Zr metal center with Ce yields a MOF that can be synthesized in shorter durations with lesser energy consumptions and with excellent multipollutant adsorption properties. Further, the Ce-UiO-66 MOF was also studied for its adsorption abilities in the binary component system. Interestingly, the adsorbent showed higher adsorption capacities in the presence of other pollutants. Removal studies for other potentially toxic anionic and cationic dyes showed that the Ce-UiO-66 MOF has a wide range of contaminant removal abilities. Investigations of individual adsorption capacities revealed that the Ce-UiO-66 MOF has a maximum adsorption capacity of 793.7 mg/g for congo red (CR), 110 mg/g for methylene blue (MB), 66.1 mg/g for fluoride (F-), 30 mg/g for Cr6+ and 485.4 mg/g for the pharmaceutical waste diclofenac sodium (DCF). To imply the practical applications of the Ce-UiO-66 MOF we have also demonstrated an adaptable filter that could separate all the potentially toxic pollutants.

Effect of palladium on the black mass-based catalyst prepared from spent Zn/Mn alkaline batteries for catalytic combustion of volatile organic compounds.

A large amount of spent batteries is produced annually. When spente batteries are buried, their harmful components may contaminate soil and water. Therefore, recycling of spent batteries is essential for environmental reasons. We evaluated the BM (black mass) of spent Zn/Mn alkaline batteries as a catalyst substance for the catalytic combustion of volatile organic compounds (VOCs: benzene, toluene, and o-xylene). The SBM catalyst (black mass-based catalyst) was prepared by treating BM with 0.1 N of sulfuric acid solution. Major elements of the SBM catalyst were manganese, zinc, iron, aluminum, potassium, and sodium except for carbon. In addition, to find out the additive effect of palladium on the SBM catalyst, we prepared the Pd/SBM catalysts using a conventional impregnation method. We investigated the physicochemical properties of the SBM and Pd/SBM catalysts by instrumental analysis. Benzene, toluene, and o-xylene (BTX) were oxidized completely over the SBM catalyst at reaction temperatures less than 410, 340, and 410 °C, respectively (gas hourly space velocity: 40,000 h-1). As expected, for the Pd/SBM catalysts, increasing the palladium loading on the SBM from 0.1 wt% to 1.0 wt% increased the conversions of BTX. In the 1.0 wt% Pd/SBM catalyst, the reaction temperatures for catalytic combustion of BTX were greatly reduced to 310, 260, and 250 °C, respectively (gas hourly space velocity: 40,000 h-1). Instrumental analysis indicated that the increase in activity by adding palladium resulted from the active ingredient (palladium oxide: PdO) and better redox properties.

Catalytic Performance of Supported Bimetallic Catalysts for Complete Oxidation of Toluene.

The complete oxidation of toluene (as a model volatile organic compound) was studied to determine the influence of adding a transition metal (Mn, Cr, Fe, Co, and Ni) to the 5 Cu/Al catalyst. The physcochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE/TEM), and hydrogen temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR). The catalytic activity of the supported bimetallic catalysts followed the order: 5Cu-5Mn/Al > 5Cu-5Cr/Al > 5Cu-5Fe/Al > 5Cu-5Co/Al > 5Cu > 5Cu-5Ni/Al, based on the temperature for T90 of toluene conversion (T90). Two different reaction mechanisms (mixing and the synergistic effect) were operative in the supported bimetallic catalysts except for the 5Cu-5Mn/Al and 5Cu-5Ni/Al catalysts, on the basis of the reaction temperature. The difference between the electronegativity of copper and the added transition metal was associated with the catalytic activity.

Performance of platinum doping on spent alkaline battery-based catalyst for complete oxidation of o-xylene.

Oxidation of o-xylene was performed using alkaline battery-based catalyst doped with platinum to investigate the properties and activities. O-xylene was selected as the model of volatile organic compound (VOC) in this work. Physicochemical properties of the selected catalysts were characterized by FE/TEM (field emission transmission electron microscopy), BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) analysis, XRD (X-ray powder diffraction), SEM/EDX (scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), and H2-TPR (hydrogen temperature programmed reduction). Major elements of the spent alkaline battery-based catalyst treated with sulfuric acid solution [SAB (400) catalyst] were manganese, zinc, iron, oxygen, carbon, chlorine, aluminum, sodium, silicon, and potassium. Increasing the doping amount of platinum on SAB (400) catalyst from 0.1 to 1 wt% increased particle size of platinum and lowered the temperature of TPR (TTP) for SAB (400) catalyst. Better redox properties were achieved with an increase in the o-xylene conversion according to the doping amount of platinum. When GHSV (gas hourly space velocity) was 40,000 h-1, o-xylene was oxidized completely over SAB (400) catalyst and 1.0 wt% Pt/SAB(400) catalyst at temperatures of 400 °C and 280 °C, respectively.

Recycling of a spent alkaline battery as a catalyst for the total oxidation of hydrocarbons.

A spent alkaline battery-based (SB) catalyst was prepared from the black mass of a spent alkaline battery to determine the potential of recycling spent alkaline batteries as catalysts for the total oxidation of hydrocarbons. Five different acids (H2SO4, HNO3, C2H2O4, HCl, and H3PO4) were used to examine the effect of acid treatment on catalytic activity during catalyst preparation. Hexane, benzene, toluene, and o-xylene (HBTX) were adopted as the VOCs for experiments. The properties of the prepared catalysts were studied using ICP/OES, BET, XRD, ATR/FTIR, TGA, SEM, and H2-TPR analyses. The results showed that acid treatment significantly influenced the activity of the SB (400) catalyst, with the type of acid also found to greatly influence the activity of the catalyst. The order of activity according to the type of acid was H2SO4 > HNO3 > C2H2O4 > HCl > H3PO4 > none. Good performance of an acid-treated SB catalyst was associated with high concentrations of manganese and iron and a large BET surface area. In addition, the sequence in which the TPR peaks appeared at low temperatures according to each acid treatment was consistent with that of catalyst activity.

Cervical myelopathy due to subaxial calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) deposition with simultaneous asymptomatic crowned dens syndrome: two case reports.

BACKGROUND: There are few reports of cervical myelopathy caused by an attack of subaxial calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) deposition. Moreover, there has been no report on cervical myelopathy by subaxial CPPD deposition with simultaneous asymptomatic crowned dens syndrome (CDS) at the same time. CASE PRESENTATION: The first case was a 68-year-old male complaining of cervical myelopathic symptoms. Plain radiographs, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings revealed spinal cord compression by calcified round lesions at C4 as well as a calcified lesion behind the dens. The second case was a 77-year-old female complaining of cervical myelopathic symptoms. Plain radiographs, CT and MRI findings revealed spinal cord compression by calcified round lesions at C3 and C4 as well as a calcified lesion behind the dens. In both cases, we believed that the calcified lesion behind the dens was an asymptomatic lesion. Therefore, the first patient received decompressive laminectomy of C3 and C4, removal of calcified round lesions, and posterior fixation from C3 to C5 due to associated kyphosis. The second patient underwent decompressive laminectomy of C3 and C4 and removal of calcified round lesions. Microscopic examination under polarized light showed dark blue calcifications with rhomboid crystals that were positively birefringent. The findings were consistent with those of CPPD. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to report cervical myelopathy caused by subaxial CPPD deposition with simultaneous asymptomatic CDS. Surgical removal of the subaxial CPPD deposition alone achieved a satisfactory surgical outcome without recurrence.

Recovery of spent VOSO4 using an organic ligand for vanadium redox flow battery applications.

To recover the spent vanadium compound, Rhodamine-B-based Schiff's base ligand (L1) was synthesized via ultrasonication process and was evaluated with vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4), which has shown considerable selectivity towards V(IV). The change of the solution color from colorless to pink is attributed to L1 after the reaction with vanadium ion owing to the successful formation of the vanadium complex and the opening of the spirolactam ring in the L1 structure. In FT-IR spectra, the vanadyl peaks are co-existed with the L1 structure, which confirmed the complex formation of the L1 with vanadium. Similarly, the binding energy of V(IV) was identified at 516.2 eV for V2p3/2 in XPS spectra. The new strategy for VOSO4 recovery was established through solvent extraction and acid leaching. After recovery process, the absence of vanadium peak in the XPS confirmed the complete removal of V(IV) from the complex. The recovered VOSO4 solution used as an electrolyte in vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) systems, where the unit cell performance is comparable with the conventional electrolyte solution. The advantage of study is reuse of VOSO4 as a resource for energy storage applications.

Naturally available diatomite and their surface modification for the removal of hazardous dye and metal ions: A review.

The presence of toxic pollutants such as dyes and metal ions at higher concentrations in water is very harmful to the environment. Removal of these pollutants using diatomaceous earth or diatomite (DE) and surface-modified DE has been extensively explored due to their excellent physio-chemical properties and low cost. Therefore, naturally available DE being inexpensive, their surface modified adsorbents could be one of the potential candidates for the wastewater treatment in the future. In this context, the current review has been summarized for the removal of both pollutants i.e., dyes and metal ions by surface-modified DE using the facile adsorption process. In addition, this review is prominently focused on the various modification process of DE, their cost-effectiveness; the physio-chemical characteristics and their maximum adsorption capacity. Further, real-time scenarios of reported adsorbents were tabulated based on the cost of the process along with the adsorption capacity of these adsorbents.