The use of Z-scan technique for determination of biochemical parameters in children with solid tumors or leukemias supplemented or not with selenium.

Cancer is a disease that effects cell metabolism causing an imbalance in the health of the patient. On the other hand, malnutrition, presented by oncological patients, is caused by both the disease and its treatment. Some serum biochemical parameters cannot be determined by the traditional method of laboratory blood analysis (spectrophotometry). Among the various techniques that could be used for blood biochemical analysis, we opted for the Z-scan technique, due to its sensitivity to the reading of blood components. Our objective in this work was to compare the data obtained by the Z-scan technique and the spectrophotometry of the serological samples of children with solid tumors and leukemia under treatment, receiving or not selenium supplementation in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. The biochemical parameters were read based on blood. These blood sampling made at different stages of chemotherapy and selenium supplementation. At each of these stages, the cholesterol, glucose and triglycerides parameters were read using the Z-scan and spectrophotometry techniques. We observed that selenium helps in balancing the health of these patients, and corroborates with our hypothesis that the Z-scan technique may be an alternative for the determination of biochemical parameters.

Use of molecular markers to improve relationship information in the genetic evaluation of beef cattle tick resistance under pedigree-based models.

The selection of genetically superior individuals is conditional upon accurate breeding value predictions which, in turn, are highly depend on how precisely relationship is represented by pedigree. For that purpose, the numerator relationship matrix is essential as a priori information in mixed model equations. The presence of pedigree errors and/or the lack of relationship information affect the genetic gain because it reduces the correlation between the true and estimated breeding values. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of correcting the pedigree relationships using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers on genetic evaluation accuracies for resistance of beef cattle to ticks. Tick count data from Hereford and Braford cattle breeds were used as phenotype. Genotyping was carried out using a high-density panel (BovineHD - Illumina® bead chip with 777 962 SNPs) for sires and the Illumina BovineSNP50 panel (54 609 SNPs) for their progenies. The relationship between the parents and progenies of genotyped animals was evaluated, and mismatches were based on the Mendelian conflicts counts. Variance components and genetic parameters estimates were obtained using a Bayesian approach via Gibbs sampling, and the breeding values were predicted assuming a repeatability model. A total of 460 corrections in relationship definitions were made (Table 1) corresponding to 1018 (9.5%) tick count records. Among these changes, 97.17% (447) were related to the sire's information, and 2.8% (13) were related to the dam's information. We observed 27.2% (236/868) of Mendelian conflicts for sire-progeny genotyped pairs and 14.3% (13/91) for dam-progeny genotyped pairs. We performed 2174 new definitions of half-siblings according to the correlation coefficient between the coancestry and molecular coancestry matrices. It was observed that higher-quality genetic relationships did not result in significant differences of variance components estimates; however, they resulted in more accurate breeding values predictions. Using SNPs to assess conflicts between parents and progenies increases certainty in relationships and consequently the accuracy of breeding value predictions of candidate animals for selection. Thus, higher genetic gains are expected when compared to the traditional non-corrected relationship matrix.

Combining different functions to describe milk, fat, and protein yield in goats using Bayesian multiple-trait random regression models.

We proposed multiple-trait random regression models (MTRRM) combining different functions to describe milk yield (MY) and fat (FP) and protein (PP) percentage in dairy goat genetic evaluation by using Bayesian inference. A total of 3,856 MY, FP, and PP test-day records, measured between 2000 and 2014, from 535 first lactations of Saanen and Alpine goats, including their cross, were used in this study. The initial analyses were performed using the following single-trait random regression models (STRRM): third- and fifth-order Legendre polynomials (Leg3 and Leg5), linear B-splines with 3 and 5 knots, the Ali and Schaeffer function (Ali), and Wilmink function. Heterogeneity of residual variances was modeled considering 3 classes. After the selection of the best STRRM to describe each trait on the basis of the deviance information criterion (DIC) and posterior model probabilities (PMP), the functions were combined to compose the MTRRM. All combined MTRRM presented lower DIC values and higher PMP, showing the superiority of these models when compared to other MTRRM based only on the same function assumed for all traits. Among the combined MTRRM, those considering Ali to describe MY and PP and Leg5 to describe FP (Ali_Leg5_Ali model) presented the best fit. From the Ali_Leg5_Ali model, heritability estimates over time for MY, FP. and PP ranged from 0.25 to 0.54, 0.27 to 0.48, and 0.35 to 0.51, respectively. Genetic correlation between MY and FP, MY and PP, and FP and PP ranged from -0.58 to 0.03, -0.46 to 0.12, and 0.37 to 0.64, respectively. We concluded that combining different functions under a MTRRM approach can be a plausible alternative for joint genetic evaluation of milk yield and milk constituents in goats.

Comparison of methods used to identify superior individuals in genomic selection in plant breeding.

The aim of this study was to evaluate different methods used in genomic selection, and to verify those that select a higher proportion of individuals with superior genotypes. Thus, F2 populations of different sizes were simulated (100, 200, 500, and 1000 individuals) with 10 replications each. These consisted of 10 linkage groups (LG) of 100 cM each, containing 100 equally spaced markers per linkage group, of which 200 controlled the characteristics, defined as the 20 initials of each LG. Genetic and phenotypic values were simulated assuming binomial distribution of effects for each LG, and the absence of dominance. For phenotypic values, heritabilities of 20, 50, and 80% were considered. To compare methodologies, the analysis processing time, coefficient of coincidence (selection of 5, 10, and 20% of superior individuals), and Spearman correlation between true genetic values, and the genomic values predicted by each methodology were determined. Considering the processing time, the three methodologies were statistically different, rrBLUP was the fastest, and Bayesian LASSO was the slowest. Spearman correlation revealed that the rrBLUP and GBLUP methodologies were equivalent, and Bayesian LASSO provided the lowest correlation values. Similar results were obtained in coincidence variables among the individuals selected, in which Bayesian LASSO differed statistically and presented a lower value than the other methodologies. Therefore, for the scenarios evaluated, rrBLUP is the best methodology for the selection of genetically superior individuals.

Profile of hMSH2 expression in breast tumors and lymph nodes: a preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE: The mismatch repair (MMR) genes play a central role for the onset of cancer. One of these genes is hMSH2. A differential hMSH2 protein expression has been detected in the mononuclear fraction of peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer when compared to healthy women. This work aims to evaluate the expression of hMSH2 in patients diagnosed with breast cancer undergoing treatment at various stages of the disease to verify its potential use as a prognostic marker. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical expression of hMSH2 at different stages of breast cancer in 40 patients biopsy samples were analyzed. RESULTS: hMSH2 has a considerable increased expression in all groups of patients with tumors, when compared to patients without tumors. CONCLUSIONS: immunohistochemistry indeed can be a great tool for the diagnosis of breast cancer, as it is an easy and versatile technique.

Development and validation of HPLC method to determination of Methotrexate in children oncologic patients.

OBJECTIVE: The acute lymphocytic leukemia is a hematopoietic cancer that occurs predominantly in children. Methotrexate is one of the most useful drugs in cancer chemotherapy. The aim of the study was to develop and validate the methodology of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection for methotrexate dosage and to determine its concentration in plasma samples from children with leukemia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included patients from the outpatient care of pediatric oncology at the Faculty of Medicine of ABC carriers in treatment of leukemia. The study was conducted in chromatographic model Agilent 1100 with UV detector at 302 nm and by the method of ELISA microplate reader capable of reading absorbance at 450 nm. RESULTS: We obtained satisfactory results of selectivity, accuracy, linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ), limit of detection (LOD), precision and robustness and apply the basic criteria for validation as RE No. 899, of May 29, 2003 Guide validation of analytical and bioanalytical National Agency Health Surveillance (ANVISA). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that results for linearity/concentration range, precision, robustness, limit of quantification and detection limits are within the acceptance criteria defined by ANVISA and that the developed analytical method is valid and feasible to be used as a tool in monitoring therapy of methotrexate.

The use of vancomycin with its therapeutic and adverse effects: a review.

OBJECTIVE: Vancomycin (VCM) is a tricyclic glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptococcus orientalis. Widely used in hospitals, it is indicated to fight severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, especially with the advent of MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), penicillin-resistant pneumococci among others. Furthermore, it is indicated for the treatment of patients allergic to penicillins and cephalosporins. Dose recommendations, dilution rates and types of infusion are controversial and also result in toxic effects. Aim of this paper was to perform a literature review showing the therapeutic and adverse effects of vancomycin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a literature review of recent articles published on MEDLINE and SciELO databases in English, Portuguese and Spanish. RESULTS: The main adverse effects of vancomycin are: hypotension, phlebitis, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, hypersensitivity reactions, red man syndrome, neutropenia, chills, fever, interstitial nephritis. CONCLUSIONS: The use of vancomycin is still very common; however, inadequate doses and prolonged therapy pose a risk of increasing minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), resulting in subtherapeutic levels, treatment failures and toxicity. Therefore, further studies should be conducted to optimize the administration of vancomycin, monitoring treatments from the beginning in order to ensure a safe and effective use of the drug.

Critérios para a qualificação da informação de mortalidade no estado de São Paulo e no Brasil / Criteria for the classification of mortality data in the state of São Paulo and Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para o aprimoramento das informaçoes em saúde recurso estratégico na gestão, planejamento e avaliação do sistema estadual e municipal de saúde no estado de São Paulo...

Safety and efficacy analysis of liposomal insulin-like growth factor-1 in a fluid gel formulation for hair-loss treatment in a hamster model.

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 has shown some interesting results in studies examining its use as a hair-loss treatment. IGF-1 works by regulating cellular proliferation and migration during the development of hair follicles. Hepatotoxicity and myelotoxicity were evaluated in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) after topical application of the liquid gel vehicle (placebo), 1% IGF-1 or 3% IGF-1. No significant difference in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase was found between the control and treated groups. ELISA did not shown any increase in the plasma level of IGF-1. A haematopoietic niche was found, but it was not associated with myelotoxicity. Efficacy was determined by dermatoscopy analysis of hair density and microscopy analysis of hair diameter, with hair found to be thicker and with more rapid growth in the 3% group than in either the 1% group or the control group. These results strongly suggest that liposomal IGF-1 in a liquid gel formulation is a safe and efficient treatment for hair loss.

Integration of basic sciences in health's courses.

Concepts from disciplines such as Biochemistry, Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology are essential to the understanding and treatment of an elevated number of illnesses, but often they are studied separately, with no integration between them. This article proposes a model for basic sciences integration based on problem-based learning (PBL) and compares failure rate, global final grade, approved student final grade, grade distribution and students' satisfaction with teacher conduction between integrated curriculum and traditional learning in health courses from Anhembi Morumbi University-a private institution from Brazil. Comparison between integrated and traditional curriculum was based on students' records obtained from first-year health sciences students. A total of 1,697 records from 2005 to 2007 (nonintegrated curriculum) and 785 records from 2008 (integrated curriculum) were selected for this study and they were necessary to get information about students' grades. Moreover, a questionnaire was applied in order to cover student's satisfaction with teacher conduction. The data presented in this study indicated that the integrated curriculum based on PBL was related to an improvement in student's grades and satisfaction compared with traditional teaching. We believe that the effectiveness in health education will be a combination of "classical" presentation of contents associated to actively involved students in the educational process and methodology based on problems in order to create the stimulus for the undergraduates continue to integrate basic and clinical investigation.

Genotoxic effects of X-rays on keratinized mucosa cells during panoramic dental radiography.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic effects of X-rays on epithelial gingival cells during panoramic dental radiography using a differentiated protocol for the micronucleus test. METHODS: 40 healthy individuals who underwent this procedure for diagnostic purposes on request from their dentists agreed to participate in this study. All of them answered a questionnaire before the examination. Epithelial gingival cells were obtained from the keratinized mucosa of the upper dental arcade by gentle scraping with a cervical brush immediately before exposure and 10 days later. Cytological preparations were stained according to the Feulgen-Rossenbeck reaction, counterstained with fast green 1% for 1 min and analysed under a light microscope. Micronuclei, nuclear projections (broken eggs) and degenerative nuclear alterations (pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis and condensed chromatin) were scored. RESULTS: The frequency of micronuclei was significantly higher after exposure (P < 0.05), as were the frequencies of nuclear alterations indicative of apoptosis (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that X-ray radiation emitted during panoramic dental radiography induces a genotoxic effect on epithelial gingival cells that increases the frequency of chromosomal damage and nuclear alterations indicative of apoptosis.

Effect of pentoxifylline on lung inflammation and gas exchange in a sepsis-induced acute lung injury model.

Experimental models of sepsis-induced pulmonary alterations are important for the study of pathogenesis and for potential intervention therapies. The objective of the present study was to characterize lung dysfunction (low PaO2 and high PaCO2, and increased cellular infiltration, protein extravasation, and malondialdehyde (MDA) production assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage) in a sepsis model consisting of intraperitoneal (ip) injection of Escherichia coli and the protective effects of pentoxifylline (PTX). Male Wistar rats (weighing between 270 and 350 g) were injected ip with 10(7) or 10(9) CFU/100 g body weight or saline and samples were collected 2, 6, 12, and 24 h later (N = 5 each group). PaO2, PaCO2 and pH were measured in blood, and cellular influx, protein extravasation and MDA concentration were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage. In a second set of experiments either PTX or saline was administered 1 h prior to E. coli ip injection (N = 5 each group) and the animals were observed for 6 h. Injection of 10(7) or 10(9) CFU/100 g body weight of E. coli induced acidosis, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia. An increased (P < 0.05) cell influx was observed in bronchoalveolar lavage, with a predominance of neutrophils. Total protein and MDA concentrations were also higher (P < 0.05) in the septic groups compared to control. A higher tumor necrosis factor-alpha (P < 0.05) concentration was also found in these animals. Changes in all parameters were more pronounced with the higher bacterial inoculum. PTX administered prior to sepsis reduced (P < 0.05) most functional alterations. These data show that an E. coli ip inoculum is a good model for the induction of lung dysfunction in sepsis, and suitable for studies of therapeutic interventions.

Effect of pentoxifylline on lung inflammation and gas exchange in a sepsis-induced acute lung injury model

Experimental models of sepsis-induced pulmonary alterations are important for the study of pathogenesis and for potential intervention therapies. The objective of the present study was to characterize lung dysfunction (low PaO2 and high PaCO2, and increased cellular infiltration, protein extravasation, and malondialdehyde (MDA) production assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage) in a sepsis model consisting of intraperitoneal (ip) injection of Escherichia coli and the protective effects of pentoxifylline (PTX). Male Wistar rats (weighing between 270 and 350 g) were injected ip with 10(7) or 10(9) CFU/100 g body weight or saline and samples were collected 2, 6, 12, and 24 h later (N = 5 each group). PaO2, PaCO2 and pH were measured in blood, and cellular influx, protein extravasation and MDA concentration were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage. In a second set of experiments either PTX or saline was administered 1 h prior to E. coli ip injection (N = 5 each group) and the animals were observed for 6 h. Injection of 10(7) or 10(9) CFU/100 g body weight of E. coli induced acidosis, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia. An increased (P < 0.05) cell influx was observed in bronchoalveolar lavage, with a predominance of neutrophils. Total protein and MDA concentrations were also higher (P < 0.05) in the septic groups compared to control. A higher tumor necrosis factor-alpha (P < 0.05) concentration was also found in these animals. Changes in all parameters were more pronounced with the higher bacterial inoculum. PTX administered prior to sepsis reduced (P < 0.05) most functional alterations. These data show that an E. coli ip inoculum is a good model for the induction of lung dysfunction in sepsis, and suitable for studies of therapeutic interventions.

Revisão histórica da literatura sobre partograma / Literature historical review on labor diagram

Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura que oferece subsídios para utilização do partograma no acompanhamento do trabalho de parto. O objetivo foi analisar o estado do conhecimento sobre partograma, de 1975 a 2005 em língua portuguesa e inglesa. Foram analisadas 20 publicações nacionais e internacionais e apresentadas em forma de quadro sinóptico, objetivos, tipo de estudo, tamanho da amostra e principais resultados. Os artigos focalizam a construção do partograma com as linhas de alerta e ação e os benefícios do partograma na assistência, destacando o diagnóstico oportuno das distocias.

Prevalência e fatores associados à prematuridade entre gestantes submetidas à inibição de trabalho de parto prematuro / Prevalence and risk factors associated to preterm delivery among pregnant women submitted to preterm labor inhibition treatment

OBJETIVOS: identificar a prevalência de parto prematuro em gestantes submetidas ao tratamento de inibição de trabalho de parto prematuro e analisar os fatores associados. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal, com dados coletados de 163 prontuários de gestantes submetidas a tratamento de inibição de trabalho de parto prematuro atendidas em 1995-2000, no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil. A variável dependente constituiu-se na ocorrência de parto prematuro e as independentes foram: idade, escolaridade, ocupação, paridade, companheiro, tabagismo, infecção urinária prévia, número de consultas pré-natal e intervalo interpartal. A análise foi feita pelo teste de associação pelo Qui-quadrado e modelos de regressão logística univariado e múltiplo. RESULTADOS: 66,3 por cento das gestantes tiveram filhos prematuros e, em 22,7 por cento dos casos, o parto ocorreu antes de 34 semanas. Houve associação estatística significativa entre parto prematuro e ser nulípara e apresentar número baixo de consultas pré-natal. CONCLUSÕES: atenção especial deve ser dada às gestantes nulíparas e com número reduzido de consulta pré-natal submetidas ao tratamento de inibição de trabalho de parto prematuro, com a finalidade de prevenir esse evento.

OBJECTIVES: to identify preterm delivery prevalence in pregnant women submitted to preterm delivery inhibition treatment and to analyze associated factors. METHODS: cross sectional study with data collected from 163 pregnant women medical files seen from 1995-2000 at the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo, Brazil. The dependent variable was preterm delivery and the independent ones were: age, education, job, parity, companion, smoking, prior urinary infection, number of prenatal medical visits and birth interval. Analysis was performed through association by the Chi-square test and univariate and multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS: 66.3 percent of the women had preterm deliveries and in 22.7 percent of the cases, delivery occurred before 34 weeks. There was a statistically significant association between preterm birth and no partner, nulliparity and a low number of prenatal visits. CONCLUSIONS: special attention should be given to nulliparous pregnant women with reduced numbers of prenatal medical visits submitted to preterm delivery inhibition treatment with the objective of preventing premature births.

A interferência da dor nas atividades e necessidades da puérpera / Pain interference in the activities and needs of women

Estudo longitudinal com o objetivo de caractizar a interferência da dor nas atividades e necessidades básicas da puérpera nos dez primeiros dias de pós-parto. O estudo foi realizado no período de abril a maio de 2000 com 100 puérperas que tiveram parto vaginal, internadas no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, na cidade de São Paulo. No décimo dia de pós-parto, queixaram-se de dor, 93 por cento das mulheres. Dores perineais e nas mamas foram apontadas como as que mais interferiram na realização dos cuidados com o recém-nascido e nas necessidades básicas da puérpera.

[Frequency and criteria for the indication of episiotomy]. / Freqüência e critérios para indicar a episiotomia.

This is an exploratory study aimed at identifying the frequency, the types and the criteria adopted to recommend episiotomy. Twelve doctors and 12 nurses who attend women giving birth at the University of São Paulo's Hospital Universitário were interviewed. Episiotomy was performed in 76.2 percent of the normal births; the most frequent indications were: perineal rigidity (28.7 percent), primiparity (23.7 percent), macrossomic infant (11.9 percent) and prematurity (10.2 percent). The most mentioned type was the right medium-lateral (92.0 percent), and the justifications were: it was learned during academic formation (25.9 percent); it is adopted routinely (19.4 percent); with it there is a lesser chance for causing lesions to the anal sphincter (16.1 percent); with it there is a lesser risk of complications (16.1 percent). The practices for attending women giving birth must be revised taking into account scientific evidences and individualized conducts.