A Potent Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody to Human Growth Hormone Suppresses Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Female Rats.

Acromegaly and gigantism are disorders caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH), usually from pituitary adenomas. Although somatostatin analogues (SSA), dopamine agonists, and GH receptor antagonists are important therapeutic agents, all of these have issues with their effectiveness, safety, and/or convenience of use. To overcome these, we developed a GH-specific potent neutralizing a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) named 13H02. 13H02 selectively bound both to human and monkey GH with high affinity, and strongly inhibited the biological activity of GH in the Nb2 rat lymphoma cell proliferation assay. In hypophysectomized/GH-supplemented rats, a single subcutaneous administration of 13H02 significantly and dose-dependently lowered the serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels. To pursue the therapeutic potential of this antibody for acromegaly and gigantism, we humanized 13H02 to reduce its immunogenicity and applied a single amino acid mutation in the Fc region to extend its serum half-life. The resulting antibody, Hu-13H02m, also showed GH-specific neutralizing activity, similar to the parental 13H02, and showed improved binding affinity to human FcRn.

Unique structure of ozoralizumab, a trivalent anti-TNFα NANOBODY® compound, offers the potential advantage of mitigating the risk of immune complex-induced inflammation.

Biologics have become an important component of treatment strategies for a variety of diseases, but the immunogenicity of large immune complexes (ICs) and aggregates of biologics may increase risk of adverse events is a concern for biologics and it remains unclear whether large ICs consisting of intrinsic antigen and therapeutic antibodies are actually involved in acute local inflammation such as injection site reaction (ISR). Ozoralizumab is a trivalent, bispecific NANOBODY® compound that differs structurally from IgGs. Treatment with ozoralizumab has been shown to provide beneficial effects in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) comparable to those obtained with other TNFα inhibitors. Very few ISRs (2%) have been reported after ozoralizumab administration, and the drug has been shown to have acceptable safety and tolerability. In this study, in order to elucidate the mechanism underlying the reduced incidence of ISRs associated with ozoralizumab administration, we investigated the stoichiometry of two TNFα inhibitors (ozoralizumab and adalimumab, an anti-TNFα IgG) ICs and the induction by these drugs of Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated immune responses on neutrophils. Ozoralizumab-TNFα ICs are smaller than adalimumab-TNFα ICs and lack an Fc portion, thus mitigating FcγR-mediated immune responses on neutrophils. We also developed a model of anti-TNFα antibody-TNFα IC-induced subcutaneous inflammation and found that ozoralizumab-TNFα ICs do not induce any significant inflammation at injection sites. The results of our studies suggest that ozoralizumab is a promising candidate for the treatment of RA that entails a lower risk of the IC-mediated immune cell activation that leads to unwanted immune responses.

Efficacy of a glycine transporter 1 inhibitor TASP0315003 in animal models of cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

RATIONALE: Since the hypofunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is known to be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, the enhancement of NMDA receptor function through glycine modulatory sites is expected to be a useful approach for the treatment of schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the efficacy of a glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) inhibitor that potentiates NMDA receptor function by increasing synaptic glycine levels in animal models for cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms, both of which are poorly managed by current antipsychotics. RESULTS: A newly synthesized GlyT1 inhibitor, 3-chloro-N-{(S)-[3-(1-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl][(2S)-piperidin-2-yl]methyl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide (TASP0315003) significantly improved cognitive deficit induced by MK-801 in the object recognition test in rats. Likewise, TASP0315003 significantly improved MK-801 impaired cognition in the social recognition test in rats and also enhanced social memory in treatment-naïve rats. In addition, repeated phencyclidine (PCP) treatment reduced the social interaction of paired mice, which may reflect negative symptoms such as social withdrawal, and both acute and sub-chronic treatment with TASP0315003 reversed the reduction in social interaction induced by PCP. Moreover, TASP0315003 additionally exhibited an antidepressant effect in the forced swimming test in rats. In contrast, TASP0315003 did not affect spontaneous locomotor activity or rotarod performance and did not induce catalepsy, indicating that TASP0315003 does not cause sedation or motor dysfunction, which is sometimes observed with the use of current antipsychotics. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that GlyT1 inhibitors including TASP0315003 may be useful for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia without having undesirable central nervous system side effects.

Antipsychotic profiles of TASP0443294, a novel and orally active positive allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor.

Glutamatergic dysfunction has been implicated in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. The stimulation of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 2 receptor has been shown to be effective in a number of animal models of schizophrenia. In this study, we investigated the antipsychotic profiles of (2S)-5-methyl-2-{[4-(1,1,1-trifluoro-2-methylpropan-2-yl)phenoxy]methyl}-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazole-6-carboxamide (TASP0443294), a newly synthesized positive allosteric modulator of the mGlu2 receptor. TASP0443294 potentiated the response of human mGlu2 and rat mGlu2 receptors to glutamate with EC50 values of 277 and 149 nM, respectively, without affecting the glutamate response of human mGlu3 receptor. TASP0443294 was distributed in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid after peroral administration in rats. The peroral administration of TASP0443294 inhibited methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in rats, which was attenuated by an mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist, and improved social memory impairment induced by 5R,10S-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate (MK-801) in rats. Furthermore, TASP0443294 reduced the ketamine-induced basal gamma hyperactivity in the prefrontal cortex and suppressed rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in rats. These findings indicate that TASP0443294 is an mGlu2 receptor positive allosteric modulator with antipsychotic activity, and that the suppression of aberrant gamma oscillations and REM sleep could be considered as neurophysiological biomarkers for TASP0443294.

Effects of a glycine transporter-1 inhibitor and D-serine on MK-801-induced immobility in the forced swimming test in rats.

Glutamatergic dysfunction, particularly the hypofunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, is involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The positive modulation of the glycine site on the NMDA receptor has been proposed as a novel therapeutic approach for schizophrenia. However, its efficacy against negative symptoms, which are poorly managed by current medications, has not been fully addressed. In the present study, the effects of the positive modulation of the glycine site on the NMDA receptor were investigated in an animal model of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The subchronic administration of MK-801 increased immobility in the forced swimming test in rats without affecting spontaneous locomotor activity. The increased immobility induced by MK-801 was attenuated by the atypical antipsychotic clozapine but not by either the typical antipsychotic haloperidol or the antidepressant imipramine, indicating that the increased immobility induced by subchronic treatment with MK-801 in the forced swimming test may represent a negative symptom of schizophrenia. Likewise, positive modulation of the glycine sites on the NMDA receptor using an agonist for the glycine site, D-serine, and a glycine transporter-1 inhibitor, N-[(3R)-3-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yloxy)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl]-N-methylglycine hydrochloride (NFPS), significantly reversed the increase in immobility in MK-801-treated rats without reducing the immobility time in vehicle-treated rats. The present results show that the stimulation of the NMDA receptor through the glycine site on the receptor either directly with D-serine or by blocking glycine transporter-1 attenuates the immobility elicited by the subchronic administration of MK-801 and may be potentially useful for the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Stimulation of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 2 receptor and blockade of mGlu1 receptor improve social memory impairment elicited by MK-801 in rats.

Glutamatergic dysfunction has been implicated in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Both the stimulation of the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 2/3 receptor and the blockade of the mGlu1 receptor have been shown to be effective in a number of animal models of schizophrenia. However, the efficacy for social cognition, which is poorly managed by current medication, has not been fully addressed. The present study evaluated the effects of an mGlu2/3-receptor agonist and an mGlu1-receptor antagonist on social memory impairment in rats. Pretreatment with an mGlu2/3-receptor agonist, (-)-2-oxa-4-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylate (LY379268), or an mGlu1-receptor antagonist, (3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrano[2,3-b]quinolin-7-yl)-(cis-4-methoxycyclohexyl)-methanone (JNJ16259685), improved social memory impairment induced by 5R,10S-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate (MK-801) without affecting the social interactions. In addition, the intraperitoneal administration of an mGlu2-receptor potentiator, 3'-[[(2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-6,7-dimethyl-1-oxo-1H-inden-5-yl)oxy]methyl]-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carboxylic acid (BINA), also improved the MK-801-induced impairment of social memory, which was blocked by pretreatment with an mGlu2/3-receptor antagonist, (2S)-2-amino-2-[(1S,2S)-2-carboxycycloprop-1-yl]-3-(xanth-9-yl) propanoic acid (LY341495). These findings indicate that both the stimulation of the mGlu2 receptor and the inhibition of an mGlu1 receptor improve social memory impairment elicited by MK-801, and both manipulations could be effective approaches for the treatment of certain cognitive dysfunctions observed in schizophrenic patients.

D-Serine and a glycine transporter-1 inhibitor enhance social memory in rats.

RATIONALE: Glutamatergic abnormalities are involved in the etiology of schizophrenia. Clinical evidence demonstrates that positive modulation of "glycine modulatory sites" on N-methyl-D: -aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors improve cognitive deficits as well as positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients. OBJECTIVES: In the present study, we investigated the effects of positive modulation of glycine sites on the NMDA receptor using an agonist of the glycine modulatory site, D: -serine, and a glycine transporter-1 inhibitor, (R)-(N-[3-(4'-fluorophenyl)-3-(4'-phenylphenoxy)propyl])sarcosine (NFPS). In particular, we focused on the effects on cognitive functioning using social recognition test in rats. We then compared these effects with those of an atypical antipsychotic clozapine and a typical antipsychotic haloperidol. RESULTS: Both D: -serine and NFPS significantly enhanced social memory in naïve rats, as did clozapine, while the typical antipsychotic haloperidol was ineffective. A noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, significantly impaired social memory, which was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with clozapine, but not with haloperidol. Likewise, NFPS significantly improved MK-801-disrupted cognition in the social recognition test. None of these drugs affected social interaction time. CONCLUSIONS: The present results show that stimulation of the glycine modulatory sites on the NMDA receptor either directly with D: -serine or by blocking glycine transporter-1 enhances social memory and may be an effective approach for the treatment of the cognitive dysfunction observed in schizophrenic patients.

Blockade of the metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptors enhances social memory via the AMPA receptor in rats.

The present study examined the role of mGlu(2/3) receptors in short-term social memory using the social recognition paradigm in rats in which an adult rat is exposed to the same juvenile rat in two successive interactions. Intraperitoneal administration of the mGlu(2/3) receptor antagonist MGS0039 (0.3-3 mg/kg) or the ampakine CX546 (0.3-3 mg/kg) significantly and dose-dependently reduced the adult rat's social investigation of the same juvenile rat during the second encounter which occurred 120 min after the first encounter, indicating that both MGS0039 and CX546 enhanced social recognition. Pretreatment with the AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX (0.1-1 mg/kg, s.c.) significantly attenuated the effects of MGS0039 (3 mg/kg, i.p.) in the social recognition test. These results suggest that the mGlu(2/3) receptor blockade increases social recognition memory, presumably through stimulation of the AMPA receptor.