Crlz-1 Homozygous Null Knockout Mouse Embryos Are Lethally Stopped in Their Early Development.

Although the conditional gene knockout (KO) is a better choice for observing its phenotype in a specific cell, tissue, and/or organ, the simple null gene KO could nevertheless be attempted initially to scan its overall phenotypes at the level of the whole-body system, especially for a new gene such as Crlz-1. Therefore, with a hope to glean phenotypic clues for Crlz-1 at the whole-body system, we attempted to generate its null KO mice. Contrary to our original desire, Crlz-1 homozygous null KO mice were not born. However, in the chasing of their homozygous KO embryos, they were found to be lethally impaired from early development, remaining in a state of small globular mass without ever leading to a body shape, indicating the critical role of Crlz-1 as a Wnt target gene for the proliferation and/or differentiation of cells during early mouse embryonic development.

Charged Amino Acid-rich Leucine Zipper-1 (Crlz-1) as a Target of Wnt Signaling Pathway Controls Pre-B Cell Proliferation by Affecting Runx/CBFß-targeted VpreB and λ5 Genes.

The proliferation of pre-B cells is known to further increase the clonal diversity of B cells at the stage of pre-B cells by allowing the same rearranged heavy chains to combine with differently rearranged light chains in a subsequent developmental stage. Crlz-1 (charged amino acid-rich leucine zipper-1) was found to control this proliferation of pre-B cells by working as a Wnt (wingless-related mouse mammary tumor virus integration site) target gene in these cells. Mechanistically, Crlz-1 protein functioned by mobilizing cytoplasmic CBFß (core binding factor ß) into the nucleus to allow Runx (runt-related transcription factor)/CBFß heterodimerization. Runx/CBFß then turned on its target genes such as EBF (early B cell factor), VpreB, and λ5 and thereby pre-B cell receptor signaling, leading to the expression of cyclins D2 and D3 Actually, the proliferative function of Crlz-1 was demonstrated by not only Crlz-1 or ß-catenin knockdown but also Crlz-1 overexpression. Furthermore, the mechanistic view that the proliferative function of Crlz-1 is caused by relaying Wnt/ß-catenin to pre-B cell receptor signaling pathways through the regulation of Runx/CBFß heterodimerization was also verified by employing niclosamide, XAV939, and LiCl as Wnt inhibitors and activator, respectively.

Crlz-1 is prominently expressed in spermatogonia and Sertoli cells during early testis development and in spermatids during late spermatogenesis.

The expression of the Crlz-1 gene in mouse testis, where it was found to be expressed most highly among the tested mouse organs, was analyzed spatiotemporally by employing RT-PCR and in situ hybridization techniques with the aid of immunohistochemistry and/or immunofluorescence methods. In 1-week-old neonatal testis, Crlz-1 was strongly expressed in the spermatogonia and Sertoli cells in its seminiferous cord. In 2- to 3-week-old prepubertal testis, where Sertoli cells cease to proliferate, Crlz-1 expression dropped and remained weakly at the rim layer of seminiferous cords and/or tubules, where spermatogonia are present. In the adult testis at 12 weeks after birth, Crlz-1 was expressed mainly in the spermatids near the lumen of seminiferous tubules. In a further in situ hybridization of Crlz-1 in the 12-week-old adult testis with hematoxylin nuclear counterstaining, Crlz-1 was mainly expressed at step 16 of spermatids between stages VII and VIII of seminiferous tubules as well as in their residual bodies at stage IX of seminiferous tubules.

A strong promoter activity of pre-B cell stage-specific Crlz1 gene is caused by one distal LEF-1 and multiple proximal Ets sites.

The promoter of pre-B cell stage-specific Crlz1 gene, whose protein translocates the cytoplasmic core binding factor ß (CBFß) into the nucleus and thereby allows its heterodimerization with Runx, has a very strong activity, which is about 25% of cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter activity and comparable to the EF-1α promoter activity. Its transcription start site was mapped at 155 nt upstream of translation initiation codon. 5'-truncation analysis of charged amino acids rich leucine zipper 1 (Crlz1) promoter revealed that one distal region from -612 to -536 and one proximal region from -198 to -100 as numbered from the transcription start site were critical for the promoter activity. The 3'-truncation analysis of the promoter revealed that the basal promoter sequence around the transcription start site, which should be necessary for the assembly of transcription initiation complex and the start of RNA polymerase II, was also essential, although not sufficient by itself. When transcription factor binding sites within those two critical regions were searched by in vivo footprinting, one distal LEF-1 and multiple proximal Ets consensus-like sites were found to be footprinted. Indeed, the protein causing a footprint over the distal region was found to be LEF-1, and the ones causing three footprints over the proximal region were found to be such Ets family members as Fli-1 and GABP, as verified by EMSA and ChIP analyses. Furthermore, those LEF-1 and Ets sites were shown to drive additively a strong transcription of Crlz1 gene.

Crlz1 activates transcription by mobilizing cytoplasmic CBFbeta into the nucleus.

Transcriptional function of a novel Crlz1 protein was examined by using the CBF site-containing IgJ enhancer, because it was originally cloned due to its ability to bind CBFbeta, a subunit of CBF heterodimer, of which Runx is the other subunit. In a cotransfection experiment, Crlz1 was shown to increase the IgJ enhancer activity due to its CBF sites, as verified by both the absence of Crlz1 effect on the CBF-site mutated IgJ enhancer and the presence of transcriptional synergy between Crlz1 and CBFbeta. Most significantly, the cytoplasmic CBFbeta was shown to be mobilized into the nucleus when it was coexpressed with the nuclear Crlz1. This mobilized nuclear CBFbeta could then heterodimerize with the nuclear Runx to bind to its target DNA site with a high affinity. Furthermore, in our coimmunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, Crlz1 was found to be bound to the resulting CBF heterodimer in a form of ternary complex and to remain in that ternary complex even when CBF bound to its target DNA site such as IgJ enhancer.

The promoter of the Immunoglobulin J Chain gene receives its authentic enhancer activity through the abutting MEF2 and PU.1 sites in a DNA-looping interaction.

Immunoglobulin J chain (IgJ) promoter had previously been dissected in the context of a heterologous enhancer and/or promoter because its strength was weak and its authentic enhancer was not available at that time. Thus, it has been questioned whether the previous dissection of the IgJ promoter might also be relevant in the context of its authentic enhancer. Now that the authentic IgJ enhancer has been identified, redelineation of the IgJ promoter could be performed in the context of this authentic enhancer. In this redelineation, the previously identified MEF2 and PU.1 sites were shown to be critical for communicating with its authentic enhancer and thereby for receiving enhancer activity. In accordance with this finding, a DNA-looping interaction between the IgJ promoter and its enhancer was demonstrated using chromosome conformation capture assays not only in IgJ-expressing S194 plasma cells but also during interleukin-2-induced BCL1 B-cell terminal differentiation. Furthermore, MEF2 was shown to be reciprocally coimmunoprecipitated with E47, which had been identified to bind to the IgJ enhancer, suggesting that the DNA-looping interaction between the IgJ promoter and its enhancer might be mediated by these proteins. However, the previously identified USF and BSAP sites were shown to be not important for IgJ promoter activity in the context of its authentic enhancer. These findings were further supported by in vivo footprinting and/or chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, which showed the binding of MEF2 and PU.1-but not the binding of USF and BSAP-to the IgJ promoter.

Stage-specific expression of two neighboring Crlz1 and IgJ genes during B cell development is regulated by their chromatin accessibility and histone acetylation.

The IgJ gene is expressed in the plasma cell stage. However, its neighboring charged amino acid-rich leucine zipper 1 (Crlz1) gene, which is mapped 30 kb upstream of the IgJ gene in mice, is shown to be expressed in the pre-B cell stage. These stage-specific expressions of two neighboring genes are found to be regulated by their chromatin accessibility and acetylation. Hypersensitive site 1 on the IgJ promoter is opened in the plasma cells, whereas hypersensitive sites 9/10 on the Crlz1 promoter are opened in the pre-B cells. Furthermore, H3 and H4 histones toward the chromatin of the Crlz1 gene are found to be hyperacetylated, especially on H3, in the pre-B cells, whereas those toward the chromatin of the IgJ gene are found to be hyperacetylated in the plasma cells. Consistently, the hyperacetylation of H3 and H4 toward the chromatin of the IgJ gene but not the Crlz1 gene is induced by an IL-2 treatment of BCL1, which is a model cell line for studying the terminal differentiation of B cells.

The HSS3/4 enhancer of Crlz1-IgJ locus is another target of EBF in the pre-B cell stage of B cell development.

The HSS3/4 enhancer of Crlz1-IgJ locus was first characterized with regard to the activity of HSS1 IgJ promoter in the plasma cells, where both of HSS3/4 enhancer and HSS1 IgJ promoter were found to be opened simultaneously to drive the IgJ gene expression. Unexpectedly, the HSS3/4 enhancer was also found to be opened in the pre-B cells. However, this opening of HSS3/4 enhancer in the pre-B cells could not be related to the IgJ gene expression, because neither the IgJ promoter was opened nor its gene was expressed at the pre-B cell stage of B cell development. Instead, it was postulated that the opened HSS3/4 enhancer might act on some other nearby promoter in pre-B cells, which is now guessed to be the Crlz1 promoter located at 22.5 kb from it. In consistence with this pre-B cell-specific opening of the HSS3/4 enhancer, a pre-B cell-specific in vivo footprint on a sequence similar to the EBF-binding consensus was detected within the enhancer. In this paper, we show that the protein causing the pre-B cell-specific in vivo footprint on a sequence similar to the EBF-binding consensus is truly EBF as judged by EMSA using various oligo-DNA competitors and anti-EBF antibodies. Also, as expected from other previous reports, EBF was shown to be expressed highly in pre-B cells, but very little or not in immature B, mature B and plasma cells using both the cell lines and FACS-sorted normal primary cells. Convincingly, mutations within the EBF site of HSS3/4 enhancer were shown to significantly impair the HSS3/4 enhancer activity in the pre-B cells, but not in the plasma cells.

TRPV1 recapitulates native capsaicin receptor in sensory neurons in association with Fas-associated factor 1.

TRPV1, a cloned capsaicin receptor, is a molecular sensor for detecting adverse stimuli and a key element for inflammatory nociception and represents biophysical properties of native channel. However, there seems to be a marked difference between TRPV1 and native capsaicin receptors in the pharmacological response profiles to vanilloids or acid. One plausible explanation for this overt discrepancy is the presence of regulatory proteins associated with TRPV1. Here, we identify Fas-associated factor 1 (FAF1) as a regulatory factor, which is coexpressed with and binds to TRPV1 in sensory neurons. When expressed heterologously, FAF1 reduces the responses of TRPV1 to capsaicin, acid, and heat, to the pharmacological level of native capsaicin receptor in sensory neurons. Furthermore, silencing FAF1 by RNA interference augments capsaicin-sensitive current in native sensory neurons. We therefore conclude that FAF1 forms an integral component of the vanilloid receptor complex and that it constitutively modulates the sensitivity of TRPV1 to various noxious stimuli in sensory neurons.

A Stat5-overlapping site is critical for the IgJ enhancer activity in the plasma cells and bound by a ubiquitous protein.

Although the IgJ enhancer chromatin is induced open by an IL-2/Stat5 signaling during terminal B cell differentiation, the opened chromatin of IgJ enhancer is then maintained in the absence of IL-2/Stat5 signaling. Nevertheless, the sequence overlapping the Stat5 site was shown still to be essential for the function of IgJ enhancer in the plasma cells. An in vivo footprint was identified over the Stat5-overlapping site, indicating that the site should be bound by a certain other protein than Stat5. In EMSA using the Stat5-overlapping sequence as a probe, its specific binding protein was identified. The specific binding protein corresponded neither to any of other Stat family proteins, nor to any of potential candidate proteins as tested in EMSA using their corresponding oligo DNA competitors and antibodies. Although its identity remains to be found by its purification, the protein binding specifically to the Stat5-overlapping site was shown to be expressed rather ubiquitously in B and non-B cells, and its molecular weight appeared to be below 52 kDa as determined in the UV-crosslinking-coupled SDS-PAGE.

Involvement of two NF-kappaB binding sites in PMA-induced expression of the human leukotactin-1/CCL15 gene in U937 monocytoid cells.

Leukotactin-1 (Lkn-1)/CCL15, is a recently cloned chemotactic chemokine that appears to play important roles in the inflammatory process by recruiting immune cells to inflammatory sites. Expression of the Lkn-1/CCL15 gene is inducible in monocytes but its transcriptional regulation has not been studied. To identify Lkn-1/CCL15 regulatory sequences in monocytic cells, U937 cells were transiently transfected with the luciferase reporter gene linked to various deletions of the Lkn-1/CCL15 promoter region. The region -269 to -43 bp from the transcription start site proved to be important for induction by PMA. This region contained two potential NF-kappaB sites: one between -191 and -182 bp, and the other between -60 and -51 bp. Mutation of either element reduced PMA-induced expression and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that NF-kappaB recognized both potential NF-kappaB sites. In addition, PMA-induction of Lkn-1/CCL15 in transiently transfected U937 cells was blocked by proteasome inhibitor 1. These observations demonstrate that the two NF-kappaB binding sites are essential for PMA-induced Lkn-1/CCL15 expression in human monocytes.