Cross Talk Between Cells and the Current Bioceramics in Bone Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review.

The conventional approach for addressing bone defects and stubborn non-unions typically involves the use of autogenous bone grafts. Nevertheless, obtaining these grafts can be challenging, and the procedure can lead to significant morbidity. Three primary treatment strategies for managing bone defects and non-unions prove resistant to conventional treatments: synthetic bone graft substitutes (BGS), a combination of BGS with bioactive molecules, and the use of BGS in conjunction with stem cells. In the realm of synthetic BGS, a multitude of biomaterials have emerged for creating scaffolds in bone tissue engineering (TE). These materials encompass biometals like titanium, iron, magnesium, and zinc, as well as bioceramics such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP). Bone TE scaffolds serve as temporary implants, fostering tissue ingrowth and the regeneration of new bone. They are meticulously designed to enhance bone healing by optimizing geometric, mechanical, and biological properties. These scaffolds undergo continual remodeling facilitated by bone cells like osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Through various signaling pathways, stem cells and bone cells work together to regulate bone regeneration when a portion of bone is damaged or deformed. By targeting signaling pathways, bone TE can improve bone defects through effective therapies. This review provided insights into the interplay between cells and the current state of bioceramics in the context of bone regeneration.

The effect of photobiomodulation therapy in common maxillofacial injuries: Current status.

The use of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) may be used for treating trauma to the maxillofacial region. The effects of PBMT on maxillofacial injuries were discussed in this review article. The electronic databases Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science were thoroughly searched. This review included in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies describing how PBMT can be used in maxillofacial tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Some studies suggest that PBMT may offer a promising therapy for traumatic maxillofacial injuries because it can stimulate the differentiation and proliferation of various cells, including dental pulp cells and mesenchymal stem cells, enhancing bone regeneration and osseointegration. PBMT reduces pain and swelling after oral surgery and tooth extraction in human and animal models of maxillofacial injuries. Patients with temporomandibular disorders also benefit from PBMT in terms of reduced inflammation and symptoms. PBMT still has some limitations, such as the need for standardizing parameters. PBMT must also be evaluated further in randomized controlled trials in various maxillofacial injuries. As a result, PBMT offers a safe and noninvasive treatment option for patients suffering from traumatic maxillofacial injuries. PBMT still requires further research to establish its efficacy in clinical practice and determine the optimal parameters.

The effect of photodynamic therapy in controlling the oral biofilm: A comprehensive overview.

Several resistance mechanisms are involved in dental caries, including oral biofilms. An accumulation of bacteria on the surface of teeth is called plaque. Periodontitis and gingivitis are caused by dental plaque. In this review article, we aimed to review the studies associated with the application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to prevent and treat various microbial biofilm-caused oral diseases in recent decades. There are several studies published in PubMed that have described antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) effects on microorganisms. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the potential of APDT for treating endodontic, periodontal, and mucosal infections caused by bacteria as biofilms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are activated in the presence of oxygen by integrating a nontoxic photosensitizer (PS) with appropriate wavelength visible light. By causing irreversible damage to microorganisms, ROS induces some biological and photochemical events. Testing several wavelengths has been conducted to identify potential PS for APDT. A standard protocol is not yet available, and the current review summarizes findings from dental studies on APDT.

Dental Radiographic/Digital Radiography Technology along with Biological Agents in Human Identification.

The heavy casualties associated with mass disasters necessitate substantial resources to be managed. The unexpectedly violent nature of such occurrences usually remains a problematic amount of victims that urgently require to be identified by a reliable and economical method. Conventional identification methods are inefficient in many cases such as plane crashes and fire accidents that have damaged the macrobiometric features such as fingerprints or faces. An appropriate recognition method for such cases should use features more resistant to destruction. Forensic dentistry provides the most appropriate available method for the successful identification of victims using careful techniques and precise data interpretation. Since bones and teeth are the most persistent parts of the demolished bodies in sudden mass disasters, scanning and radiographs are unrepeatable parts of forensic dentistry. Forensic dentistry as a scientific method of human remain identification has been considerably referred to be efficient in disasters. Forensic dentistry can be used for either "sex and age estimation," "Medical biotechnology techniques," or "identification with dental records," etc. The present review is aimed at discussing the development and implementation of forensic dentistry methods for human identification. For this object, the literature from the last decade has been searched for the innovations in forensic dentistry for human identification based on the PubMed database.

Evaluation and comparison of synthesised hydroxyapatite in bone regeneration: As an in vivo study.

OBJECTIVES: Many patients suffer from non-repaired bone defects and subsequent aesthetic and psychological problems following bone fractures from accidents. The main goal of the study was to compare and evaluate synthetic hydroxyapatite with xenograft and commercial hydroxyapatite for bone repair and reconstruction. METHODS: In this study, synthetic hydroxyapatite was fabricated and verified. Cytotoxicity tests (i.e., induction coupled plasma [ICP], density and porosity analysis, scanning electron microscope [SEM] analysis, and thiazolyl blue tetrazolium blue [MTT] assay) were performed. Synthetic, xenograft, and commercial hydroxyapatite were tested in the animal study. Finally, bone regeneration was assessed using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. RESULTS: The Ca/P ratio was measured for xenograft and commercial samples, and values were lower than those for the synthesised hydroxyapatite. The amount of surface porosity in the synthesised sample was greater than in the commercial and xenograft samples. Additionally, the density of the synthesised hydroxyapatite was lower than that of the xenograft and commercial samples. A small amount of ossification from natural bone margins was observed at 4 weeks in the xenograft and commercial hydroxyapatite group. In the synthetic group, immature bone formation was observed at 4 weeks. The rate of ossification and cell infiltration in the xenograft and commercial hydroxyapatite samples was higher at 8 weeks than at 4 weeks, and this rate was lower than in the synthesised hydroxyapatite group. The synthesised hydroxyapatite group exhibited greater ossification than the xenograft and commercial hydroxyapatite, and control groups at 12 weeks. CONCLUSION: This study showed that synthesised hydroxyapatite had better effects on bone regeneration and could be used in bone tissue engineering.