The Determination, Monitoring, Molecular Mechanisms and Formation of Biofilm in E. coli.

Biofilms are cell assemblies embedded in an exopolysaccharide matrix formed by microorganisms of a single or many different species. This matrix in which they are embedded protects the bacteria from external influences and antimicrobial effects. The biofilm structure that microorganisms form to protect themselves from harsh environmental conditions and survive is found in nature in many different environments. These environments where biofilm formation occurs have in common that they are in contact with fluids. The gene expression of bacteria in complex biofilm differs from that of bacteria in the planktonic state. The differences in biofilm cell expression are one of the effects of community life. Means of quorum sensing, bacteria can act in coordination with each other. At the same time, while biofilm formation provides many benefits to bacteria, it has positive and negative effects in many different areas. Depending on where they occur, biofilms can cause serious health problems, contamination risks, corrosion, and heat and efficiency losses. However, they can also be used in water treatment plants, bioremediation, and energy production with microbial fuel cells. In this review, the basic steps of biofilm formation and biofilm regulation in the model organism Escherichia coli were discussed. Finally, the methods by which biofilm formation can be detected and monitored were briefly discussed.

Lactobacillus spp. isolated from prebiotic-derived raw goat milk: probiotic characteristics, cholesterol assimilation and folate production.

OBJECTIVES: This work provides to evaluate cholesterol assimilation and folic acid production by determining the probiotic properties of Lactobacillus spp. from raw goat milk with prebiotic properties. RESULTS: We isolated Lactobacilli from goat milk and identified API 50, CHL, and 16sRNA. Probiotic properties were determined according to bile salt and acidic tolerance, hydrophobicity, hemolytic activity, antibiotic sensitivity, antagonistic effect, and exopolysaccharide production. In addition, the cholesterol assimilation and folate production of cultures were determined. CONCLUSIONS: L. plantarum GM-12 and L. plantarum GM-15 showed the highest folate production and the highest cholesterol assimilation.These two strains are strong candidates for use as potential probiotics and starter cultures.

Overview of VBNC, a survival strategy for microorganisms.

Microorganisms are exposed to a wide variety of stress factors in their natural environments. Under that stressful conditions, they move into a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state to survive and maintain the vitality. At VBNC state, microorganisms cannot be detected by traditional laboratory methods, but they can be revived under appropriate conditions. Therefore, VBNC organisms cause serious food safety and public health problems. To date, it has been determined that more than 100 microorganism species have entered the VBNC state through many chemical and physical factors. During the last four decades, dating from the initial detection of the VBNC condition, new approaches have been developed for the induction, detection, molecular mechanisms, and resuscitation of VBNC cells. This review evaluates the current data of recent years on the inducing conditions and detection methods of the VBNC state, including with microorganisms on the VBNC state, their virulence, pathogenicity, and molecular mechanisms.

Genotype Distribution and Prevalence of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection among Women in Samsun Province of Turkey.

BACKGROUND: The human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important public health problem that can cause cervical cancer. HPVs were classified into high-risk (HR-HPV) and low-risk (LR-HPV) types. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of HR-HPV infection in Samsun province in Turkey. METHODS: Cervical smear samples taken from 5406 women over a 23-month period were evaluated for the presence of HPV infection. The detection of HPV genotypes was performed using RT-PCR technology. HPV detection and genotyping were performed using RT-PCR method. HR- HPV types are divided into 3 groups as type 16,  type 18 and other types (31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, with or without type 16 and 18).  The results were evaluated statistically. RESULTS: The mean age of HR-HPV positive patients was 39.56 years (20-68 years). The prevalance of HR-HPV types did not differ between different age groups (p˃0.05). Overall, 9.17% of women (496/5406 samples) were found to be positive at least one type of HR-HPV. HPV type 16 was detected in 28.62%, type 18 in 9.67%, and other types in 78.83%. The most common HR-HPV type was other types (p˂0.001). Type 16 was most common than type 18 (p˂0.001). The patients were evaluated by dividing them into 6 age groups. Type 16 positivity was higher in 30-39 ages while type18 and other types positivity were higher in the 40-49 age group. When the 23-month period of HPV test was evaluated according to months and seasons, the highest prevalance was seen in June 2021 and Summer 2021. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale study of HR-HPV prevalence and genotype distribution among women in Samsun Province of Turkey.  The other types containing one or more types made up the majority of the studied population.

Isolation of saponin from dried roots of Gypsophila simonii Hub. Mor.

In the present research, a saponin was isolated from the roots of Gypsophila simoni. The structure was characterized by means of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR and EIMS. The findings indicate that the proposed structure of that saponin was as a new Gypsogenin ester (C31 H51 O3).