Correction to "Target-Driven Design of a Coumarinyl Chalcone Scaffold Based Novel EF2 Kinase Inhibitor Suppresses Breast Cancer Growth In Vivo".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00030.].

Target-Driven Design of a Coumarinyl Chalcone Scaffold Based Novel EF2 Kinase Inhibitor Suppresses Breast Cancer Growth In Vivo.

Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF-2K) is an unusual alpha kinase involved in protein synthesis through phosphorylation of elongation factor 2 (EF2). eEF-2K is highly overexpressed in breast cancer, and its activity is associated with significantly shortened patient survival and proven to be a potential molecular target in breast cancer. The crystal structure of eEF-2K remains unknown, and there is no potent, safe, and effective inhibitor available for clinical applications. We designed and synthesized several generations of potential inhibitors. The effect of the inhibitors at the binding pocket of eEF-2K was analyzed after developing a 3D target model by using a domain of another α-kinase called myosin heavy-chain kinase A (MHCKA) that closely resembles eEF-2K. In silico studies showed that compounds with a coumarin-chalcone core have high predicted binding affinities for eEF-2K. Using in vitro studies in highly aggressive and invasive (MDA-MB-436, MDA-MB-231, and BT20) and noninvazive (MCF-7) breast cancer cells, we identified a lead compound that was highly effective in inhibiting eEF-2K activity at submicromolar concentrations and at inhibiting cell proliferation by induction of apoptosis with no toxicity in normal breast epithelial cells. In vivo systemic administration of the lead compound encapsulated in single lipid-based liposomal nanoparticles twice a week significantly suppressed growth of MDA-MB-231 tumors in orthotopic breast cancer models in nude mice with no observed toxicity. In conclusion, our study provides a highly potent and in vivo effective novel small-molecule eEF-2K inhibitor that may be used as a molecularly targeted therapy breast cancer or other eEF-2K-dependent tumors.

Development and validation of stability indicating HPLC methods for related substances and assay analyses of amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate mixtures.

Antibacterial combinations consisting of the semisynthetic antibiotic amoxicillin (amox) and the ß-lactamase inhibitor potassium clavulanate (clav) are commonly used and several chromatographic methods were reported for their quantification in mixtures. In the present work, single HPLC method for related substances analyses of amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate mixtures was developed and validated according to international conference on harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Eighteen amoxicillin and six potassium clavulanate impurities were successfully separated from each other by using triple gradient elution using a Thermo Hypersil Zorbax BDS C18 (250 mm×4.6mm, 3µm) column with 50µL injection volumes at a wavelength of 215nm. Commercially unavailable impurities were formed by degradation of amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate, identified by LC-MS studies and used during analytical method development and validation studies. Also, process related amoxicillin impurity-P was synthesized and characterized by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS) for the first time. As complementary of this work, an assay method for amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate mixtures was developed and validated; stress-testing and stability studies of amox/clav mixtures was carried out under specified conditions according to ICH and analyzed by using validated stability-indicating assay and related substances methods.

Quantitative determination of two polymorphic forms of imatinib mesylate in a drug substance and tablet formulation by X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Imatinib has been identified as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that selectively inhibits the Abl tyrosine kinases, including Bcr-Abl. The active substance used in drug product is the mesylate salt form of imatinib, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative and chemically named as N-(3-(4-(pyridin-3-yl) pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-4-methylphenyl)-4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl) methyl)-benzamide methanesulfonic acid salt. It exhibits many polymorphic forms and most stable and commercialized polymorphs are known as α and ß forms. Molecules in α and ß polymorphic forms exhibit significant conformational differences due to their different intra- and intermolecular interactions, which stabilize their molecular conformations and affect their physicochemical properties such as bulk density, melting point, solubility, stability, and processability. The manufacturing process of a drug tablet included granulation, compression, coating, and drying may cause polymorphic conversions. Therefore, polymorphic content of the drug substance should be controlled during quality control and stability testing. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) methods were evaluated for determination of the polymorphic content of the drug substance and drug product; and PXRD was the most accurate technique and selected as preferred method and validated. Prior to development of a quantification method, pure α and ß polymorphs were characterized and used throughout the method development and validation studies. Mixtures with different ratios of α and ß forms were scanned using X-ray diffractometer with a scan rate of 0.250°/min over an angular range of 19.5-21.0° 2θ and the peak heights for characteristic peak of ß form at 20.5 ± 0.2° 2θ diffraction angle were used to generate a calibration curve. The detection limit of ß polymorph in α form imatinib mesylate tablets was found as 4% and the linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship with correlation coefficient of 0.992 with respect to relative peak height in the concentration range of 12-75 wt% ß form containing tablet mixtures. The obtained results at each stage of the validation study proved that the method is specific, repeatable, precise and accurate, and could be used for determination of ß polymorph content in tablets produced by using α polymorph of imatinib mesylate. The developed PXRD quantification method was used to monitor the polymorphic purity of α form drug substance and corresponding drug products during the quality control analyses and stability studies, and the results indicated that α form was stable and not converted to ß form during the manufacturing process and stability period.

Identification, synthesis and characterization of process related impurities of benidipine hydrochloride, stress-testing/stability studies and HPLC/UPLC method validations.

Benidipine hydrochloride, used as an antihypertensive agent and long-acting calcium antagonist, is synthesized for commercial use as a drug substance in highly pure form. During the synthetic process development studies of benidipine, process related impurities were detected. These impurities were identified, synthesized and characterized and mechanisms of their formation were discussed in detail. After all standardization procedures, they were used as reference standards for analytical studies. In addition, a separate HPLC method was developed and validated for detection of residual 1-benzylpiperidin-3-ol (Ben-2), which is used during benidipine synthesis and controlled as a potential process related impurity. As complementary of this work, stress-testing studies of benidipine were carried out under specified conditions and a stability-indicating UPLC assay method was developed, validated and used during stability studies of benidipine.

Identification, synthesis and characterization of process related desfluoro impurity of ezetimibe and HPLC method validations.

Ezetimibe, which selectively inhibits cholesterol absorption across the intestinal wall and is used as an antihyperlipidemic agent, is synthesized for commercial use as a drug substance in highly pure form. During the synthetic process development studies of ezetimibe, an impurity was detected in the final product at levels ranging from 0.05% to 0.15% in reverse phase gradient high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and its molecular weight was determined by LC-MS analysis. The impurity was identified as (3R,4S)-3-((S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-phenylazetidin-2-one which is called desfluoro ezetimibe (lactam-related) impurity, synthesized and characterized, the mechanism of its formation was discussed in detail. After all standardization procedures, it was used as a reference standard during validation of HPLC method and routine analyses. In addition, content of Eze-1 desfluoro impurity in Eze-1 intermediates was specified as 0.10% to keep the formation of desfluoro ezetimibe impurity under control and the related substances HPLC method was validated accordingly.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-(arylsulfanyl)carbonyl analogues of paclitaxel (taxol).

Four new N-(arylsufanyl)carbonyl paclitaxel analogues (2a-d) were prepared from 7-(triethylsilyl)-protected baccatin III (5). Their cytotoxicities against human ovarian (A2780) and prostate cancer (PC3) cell lines, as well as their tubulin-assembly activities, were determined. In these assays, the new compounds showed rather weak activities, one two orders of magnitude below those of paclitaxel (taxol; 1). The known 3'-N-[(thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl] paclitaxel analogue 3 was also prepared. As previously reported, 3 exhibited strongly improved cytotoxicities and tubulin-assembly activities as compared to paclitaxel (1).

[Obstetrics and gynecology in "Liber Regius" the famous book of Haly Abbas, physisian of Xth. century]. / Ali ibn Abbâs el-mucusi'nin "Kitâbu'l Melîki" si içinde dogum bilgisi konulari.

Obstetrics and gynecology in "Liber Regius" the famous book of Haly Abbas, physician of Xth century.