Impact of mandatory indications for outpatient antibiotic orders on accurate tracking of antibiotic indications.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate whether implementing mandatory indications for outpatient electronic antibiotic orders or using encounter International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD10) codes more accurately reflected clinicians' charted diagnosis in encounter notes. Secondarily, we examined the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Mandatory indications were added to all outpatient electronic antibiotic orders on May 18, 2022. A randomly selected convenience sample of 1300 outpatient encounters with antibiotics from walk-in clinics was reviewed. Adjusted logistic regression was used to compare the congruence between encounter ICD10 code and charted diagnosis for encounters from July 15 to September 15, 2021 (pre-implementation period) to the congruence between encounter ICD10 code, charted diagnosis, and mandatory indication for encounters from July 15 to September 15, 2022 (post-implementation period). Antibiotic appropriateness based on charted diagnosis was also evaluated. RESULTS: Among 1300 outpatient encounters, congruence between charted diagnosis and ICD10 code significantly increased in the post-implementation period (87.7% (565/644)) versus pre-implementation (83.3% (540/648), adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.52; 95% CI 1.03-2.25). Congruence between charted diagnosis and mandatory indication during post-implementation was 95.2% (613/644) and >5 times more likely to be congruent than charted diagnosis and ICD10 code during pre-implementation (aOR 5.45; 95% CI 3.26-9.11). Antibiotic prescribing based on charted diagnosis was twice as likely to be appropriate in the post-implementation period (aOR1.99; 95% CI 1.32-2.98). CONCLUSIONS: Mandatory indications within antibiotic orders show better congruence with charted diagnosis than ICD10 codes and may increase antibiotic appropriateness and congruence between ICD10 code and charted diagnosis.

"Give Me Five": The Case for 5 Days of Antibiotics as the Default Duration for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections.

Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) account for most antibiotic prescriptions in pediatrics. Although US guidelines continue to recommend ≥10 days antibiotics for common ARTIs, evidence suggests that 5-day courses can be safe and effective. Academic imprinting seems to play a major role in the continued use of prolonged antibiotic durations. In this report, we discuss the evidence supporting short antibiotic courses for group A streptococcal pharyngitis, acute otitis media, and acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. We discuss the basis for prolonged antibiotic course recommendations and recent literature investigating shorter courses. Prescribers in the US should overcome academic imprinting and follow international trends to reduce antibiotic durations for common ARTIs, where 5 days is a safe and efficacious course when antibiotics are prescribed.

Provider-ordered viral testing and antibiotic administration practices among children with acute respiratory infections across healthcare settings in Nashville, Tennessee.

Objective: Evaluate the association between provider-ordered viral testing and antibiotic treatment practices among children discharged from an ED or hospitalized with an acute respiratory infection (ARI). Design: Active, prospective ARI surveillance study from November 2017 to February 2020. Setting: Pediatric hospital and emergency department in Nashville, Tennessee. Participants: Children 30 days to 17 years old seeking medical care for fever and/or respiratory symptoms. Methods: Antibiotics prescribed during the child's ED visit or administered during hospitalization were categorized into (1) None administered; (2) Narrow-spectrum; and (3) Broad-spectrum. Setting-specific models were built using unconditional polytomous logistic regression with robust sandwich estimators to estimate the adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals between provider-ordered viral testing (ie, tested versus not tested) and viral test result (ie, positive test versus not tested and negative test versus not tested) and three-level antibiotic administration. Results: 4,107 children were enrolled and tested, of which 2,616 (64%) were seen in the ED and 1,491 (36%) were hospitalized. In the ED, children who received a provider-ordered viral test had 25% decreased odds (aOR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.54, 0.98) of receiving a narrow-spectrum antibiotic during their visit than those without testing. In the inpatient setting, children with a negative provider-ordered viral test had 57% increased odds (aOR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.44) of being administered a broad-spectrum antibiotic compared to children without testing. Conclusions: In our study, the impact of provider-ordered viral testing on antibiotic practices differed by setting. Additional studies evaluating the influence of viral testing on antibiotic stewardship and antibiotic prescribing practices are needed.

Clinical prediction model: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children versus Kawasaki disease.

BACKGROUND: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare but serious complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Features of MIS-C overlap with those of Kawasaki disease (KD). OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to develop a prediction model to assist with this diagnostic dilemma. METHODS: Data from a retrospective cohort of children hospitalized with KD before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic were compared to a prospective cohort of children hospitalized with MIS-C. A bootstrapped backwards selection process was used to develop a logistic regression model predicting the probability of MIS-C diagnosis. A nomogram was created for application to individual patients. RESULTS: Compared to children with incomplete and complete KD (N = 602), children with MIS-C (N = 105) were older and had longer hospitalizations; more frequent intensive care unit admissions and vasopressor use; lower white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, platelet count, sodium, and alanine aminotransferase; and higher hemoglobin and C-reactive protein (CRP) at admission. Left ventricular dysfunction was more frequent in patients with MIS-C, whereas coronary abnormalities were more common in those with KD. The final prediction model included age, sodium, platelet count, alanine aminotransferase, reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction, and CRP. The model exhibited good discrimination with AUC 0.96 (95% confidence interval: [0.94-0.98]) and was well calibrated (optimism-corrected intercept of -0.020 and slope of 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: A diagnostic prediction model utilizing admission information provides excellent discrimination between MIS-C and KD. This model may be useful for diagnosis of MIS-C but requires external validation.

Principal Component Patterns of Pediatric Respiratory Viral Testing Across Health Care Settings.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Factors prompting clinicians to request viral testing in children are unclear. We assessed patterns prompting clinicians to perform viral testing in children discharged from an emergency department (ED) or hospitalized with an acute respiratory infection (ARI). METHODS: Using active ARI surveillance data collected from November 2017 through February 2020, children aged between 30 days and 17 years with fever or respiratory symptoms who had a research respiratory specimen tested were included. Children's presentation patterns from their initial evaluation at each health care setting were analyzed using principal components (PCs) analysis. PC-specific models using logistic regression with robust sandwich estimators were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between PCs and provider-ordered viral testing. PCs were assigned respiratory virus/viruses names a priori based on the patterns represented. RESULTS: In total, 4107 children were enrolled and tested, with 2616 (64%) discharged from the ED and 1491 (36%) hospitalized. In the ED, children with a coviral presentation pattern had a 1.44-fold (95% CI, 1.24-1.68) increased odds of receiving a provider-ordered viral test than children showing clinical symptoms less representative of coviral-like infection. Whereas children in the ED and hospitalized with rhinovirus-like symptoms had 71% (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.24-0.34) and 39% (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.49-0.76) decreased odds, respectively, of receiving a provider-ordered viral test during their medical encounter. CONCLUSIONS: Viral tests are frequently ordered by clinicians, but presentation patterns vary by setting and influence the initiation of testing. Additional assessments of factors affecting provider decisions to use viral testing in pediatric ARI management are needed to maximize patient benefits of testing.

Reducing length of antibiotics for children with ear infections: protocol for a cluster-randomized trial in the USA.

Aim: Preventing unnecessarily long durations of antibiotic therapy is a key opportunity to reduce antibiotic overuse in children 2 years of age and older with acute otitis media (AOM). Pragmatic interventions to reduce durations of therapy that can be effectively scaled and sustained are urgently needed. This study aims to fill this gap by evaluating the effectiveness and implementation outcomes of two low-cost interventions of differing intensities to increase guideline-concordant antibiotic durations in children with AOM. Methods: The higher intensity intervention will consist of clinician education regarding guideline-recommended short durations of antibiotic therapy; electronic health record (EHR) prescription field changes to promote prescribing of recommended short durations; and individualized clinician audit and feedback on adherence to recommended short durations of therapy in comparison to peers, while the lower intensity intervention will consist only of clinician education and EHR changes. We will explore the differences in implementation effectiveness by patient population served, clinician type, clinical setting and organization as well as intervention type. The fidelity, feasibility, acceptability and perceived appropriateness of the interventions among different clinician types, patient populations, clinical settings and intervention type will be compared. We will also conduct formative qualitative interviews with clinicians and administrators and focus groups with parents of patients to further inform the interventions and study. The formative evaluation will take place over 1.5 years, the interventions will be implemented over 2 years and evaluation of the interventions will take place over 1.5 years. Discussion: The results of this study will provide a framework for other healthcare systems to address the widespread problem of excessive durations of therapy for AOM and inform national antibiotic stewardship policy development. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT05608993 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

AACC Guidance Document on the Clinical Use of Procalcitonin.

BACKGROUND: Procalcitonin (PCT), a peptide precursor of the hormone calcitonin, is a biomarker whose serum concentrations are elevated in response to systemic inflammation caused by bacterial infection and sepsis. Clinical adoption of PCT in the United States has only recently gained traction with an increasing number of Food and Drug Administration-approved assays and expanded indications for use. There is interest in the use of PCT as an outcomes predictor as well as an antibiotic stewardship tool. However, PCT has limitations in specificity, and conclusions surrounding its utility have been mixed. Further, there is a lack of consensus regarding appropriate timing of measurements and interpretation of results. There is also a lack of method harmonization for PCT assays, and questions remain regarding whether the same clinical decision points may be used across different methods. CONTENT: This guidance document aims to address key questions related to the use of PCT to manage adult, pediatric, and neonatal patients with suspected sepsis and/or bacterial infections, particularly respiratory infections. The document explores the evidence for PCT utility for antimicrobial therapy decisions and outcomes prediction. Additionally, the document discusses analytical and preanalytical considerations for PCT analysis and confounding factors that may affect the interpretation of PCT results. SUMMARY: While PCT has been studied widely in various clinical settings, there is considerable variability in study designs and study populations. Evidence to support the use of PCT to guide antibiotic cessation is compelling in the critically ill and in some lower respiratory tract infections but is lacking in other clinical scenarios, and evidence is also limited in the pediatric and neonatal populations. Interpretation of PCT results requires guidance from multidisciplinary care teams of clinicians, pharmacists, and clinical laboratorians.

New insights into the treatment of acute otitis media.

INTRODUCTION: Acute otitis media (AOM) affects most (80%) children by 5 years of age and is the most common reason children are prescribed antibiotics. The epidemiology of AOM has changed considerably since the widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, which has broad-reaching implications for management. AREAS COVERED: In this narrative review, we cover the epidemiology of AOM, best practices for diagnosis and management, new diagnostic technology, effective stewardship interventions, and future directions of the field. Literature review was performed using PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov. EXPERT OPINION: Inaccurate diagnoses, unnecessary antibiotic use, and increasing antimicrobial resistance remain major challenges in AOM management. Fortunately, effective tools and interventions to improve diagnostic accuracy, de-implement unnecessary antibiotic use, and individualize care are on the horizon. Successful scaling of these tools and interventions will be critical to improving overall care for children.

A Diagnostic Prediction Model to Distinguish Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.

OBJECTIVE: Features of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) overlap with other syndromes, making the diagnosis difficult for clinicians. We aimed to compare clinical differences between patients with and without clinical MIS-C diagnosis and develop a diagnostic prediction model to assist clinicians in identification of patients with MIS-C within the first 24 hours of hospital presentation. METHODS: A cohort of 127 patients (<21 years) were admitted to an academic children's hospital and evaluated for MIS-C. The primary outcome measure was MIS-C diagnosis at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Clinical, laboratory, and cardiac features were extracted from the medical record, compared among groups, and selected a priori to identify candidate predictors. Final predictors were identified through a logistic regression model with bootstrapped backward selection in which only variables selected in more than 80% of 500 bootstraps were included in the final model. RESULTS: Of 127 children admitted to our hospital with concern for MIS-C, 45 were clinically diagnosed with MIS-C and 82 were diagnosed with alternative diagnoses. We found a model with four variables-the presence of hypotension and/or fluid resuscitation, abdominal pain, new rash, and the value of serum sodium-showed excellent discrimination (concordance index 0.91; 95% confidence interval: 0.85-0.96) and good calibration in identifying patients with MIS-C. CONCLUSION: A diagnostic prediction model with early clinical and laboratory features shows excellent discrimination and may assist clinicians in distinguishing patients with MIS-C. This model will require external and prospective validation prior to widespread use.

Improvements in appropriate ambulatory antibiotic prescribing using a bundled antibiotic stewardship intervention in general pediatrics practices.

OBJECTIVE: To improve appropriate antibiotic prescribing for children in Tennessee. DESIGN: We performed a before-and-after intervention study with 3 comparison periods: period 1 (P1, baseline) May 2018-September 2019; period 2 (P2, intervention before the COVID-19 pandemic) November 11, 2019-March 20, 2020; and period 3 (P3, intervention during the coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] pandemic) March 21, 2020-November 10, 2020. We additionally surveyed participating providers to assess acceptance of the intervention. SETTING: Community general pediatrics practices. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 81 general pediatricians, family medicine physicians, and nurse practitioners in 5 general pediatrics practices participated in this study. INTERVENTIONS: Each practice identified a practice and operations champion for the project. Practices chose 2-4 implementation strategies previously shown to be effective at reducing outpatient antibiotic use to implement in their practice throughout the study intervention period. Study personnel also held quarterly meetings with all providers to review deidentified peer comparison feedback both across practices enrolled in the study and at the provider level within each practice. RESULTS: We detected improvements in guideline-concordant antibiotic use in the pre-COVID-19 intervention period, and they were sustained in the study period during the pandemic (P3): otitis media (P1 72.14% vs P2 81.42% vs P3 86.11%), group A streptococcal pharyngitis (P1 66.13% vs P2 81.56% vs P3 80.44%), pneumonia (P1 70.6% vs P2 76.2% vs P3 100%), sinusitis (P1 76.2% vs P2 83.78% vs P3 82.86%), skin and soft-tissue infections (P1 97.18% vs P2 100% vs P3 100%). CONCLUSIONS: Bundled implementation strategies led to significant increases in guideline-concordant antibiotic prescribing for all diagnoses. Survey results demonstrate that the bundled implementation strategies were well-accepted by providers.

Minimal in-school SARS-CoV-2 transmission with strict mitigation protocols at two independent schools in Nashville, TN.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly impacted school operations. To better understand the role of schools in COVID-19 transmission, we evaluated infections at two independent schools in Nashville, TN during the 2020-2021 school year. METHODS: The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 within each school, age group, and exposure setting were estimated and compared to local incidence. Primary attack rates were estimated among students quarantined for in-school close contact. RESULTS: Among 1401 students who attended school during the study period, 98 cases of COVID-19 were reported, corresponding to cumulative incidence of 7.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.7-8.5). Most cases were linked to household (58%) or community (31%) transmission, with few linked to in-school transmission (11%). Overall, 619 students were quarantined, corresponding to >5000 person-days of missed school, among whom only 5 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during quarantine (primary attack rate: 0.8%, 95% CI: 0.3, 1.9). Weekly case rates at school were not correlated with community transmission. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that transmission of COVID-19 in schools is minimal when strict mitigation measures are used, even during periods of extensive community transmission. Strict quarantine of contacts may lead to unnecessary missed school days with minimal benefit to in-school transmission.

Low In-School COVID-19 Transmission and Asymptomatic Infection Despite High Community Prevalence.

There is concern that in-person schooling during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic will facilitate disease transmission. Through asymptomatic surveillance and contact tracing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), we found low rates of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and little in-school transmission of COVID-19 when physical distancing and masking strategies were enforced despite a high community prevalence of COVID-19.

Prospective Observational Study to Determine Kinetics of Procalcitonin in Hospitalized Children Receiving Antibiotic Therapy for Non-Critical Acute Bacterial Infections.

INTRODUCTION: The kinetics of procalcitonin in pediatric patients with non-critical acute bacterial infections receiving appropriate antibiotic therapy are not well described. METHODS: We performed a single-center, prospective observational pilot study of children admitted to a tertiary care children's hospital who were receiving antibiotics for treatment of a non-critical acute bacterial infection, and we prospectively measured serial procalcitonin levels daily for 4 days during hospitalization. RESULTS: Among the 46 children with baseline procalcitonin levels enrolled in the study, procalcitonin kinetics followed a half-life of approximately 24 h in most patients. Procalcitonin declined faster than C-reactive protein over the first 48 h of appropriate antibiotic treatment. There was variation in biomarker levels among participants with the same infection type, especially in participants with bacteremia, musculoskeletal infection and skin/soft tissue infection. CONCLUSION: Utility of procalcitonin as a biomarker to follow every 24-48 h in non-critically ill children receiving antibiotic therapy for bacterial infections as an objective measure of clinical improvement is promising.

Patient and Provider Perspectives on Pediatric Telemedicine During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to rapid expansion of telemedicine services. We surveyed parent/guardians from March 10 to June 29, 2020, in an academic and community pediatric practice, and community pediatric providers from June 5 to July 13, 2020, to better understand their perceptions of telemedicine and compare parent/guardian satisfaction between in-person and telemedicine encounters. Overall patient satisfaction scores were high in both settings and did not differ between in-person and telemedicine visits (community setting: 93.36 ± 12.87 in-person vs. 88.04 ± 22.04 telemedicine; academic setting: 92.25 ± 11.2 vs. 95.37 ± 8.21). Most providers (82.5%) would be willing to use telemedicine in a nonpandemic situation. Telemedicine should remain available for primary care pediatrics during and after resolution of the pandemic.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: Survey of Protocols for Early Hospital Evaluation and Management.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the similarities and differences in the evaluation and treatment of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) at hospitals in the US. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional survey from June 16 to July 16, 2020, of US children's hospitals regarding protocols for management of patients with MIS-C. Elements included characteristics of the hospital, clinical definition of MIS-C, evaluation, treatment, and follow-up. We summarized key findings and compared results from centers in which >5 patients had been treated vs those in which ≤5 patients had been treated. RESULTS: In all, 40 centers of varying size and experience with MIS-C participated in this protocol survey. Overall, 21 of 40 centers required only 1 day of fever for MIS-C to be considered. In the evaluation of patients, there was often a tiered approach. Intravenous immunoglobulin was the most widely recommended medication to treat MIS-C (98% of centers). Corticosteroids were listed in 93% of protocols primarily for moderate or severe cases. Aspirin was commonly recommended for mild cases, whereas heparin or low molecular weight heparin were to be used primarily in severe cases. In severe cases, anakinra and vasopressors frequently were recommended; 39 of 40 centers recommended follow-up with cardiology. There were similar findings between centers in which >5 patients vs ≤5 patients had been managed. Supplemental materials containing hospital protocols are provided. CONCLUSIONS: There are many similarities yet key differences between hospital protocols for MIS-C. These findings can help healthcare providers learn from others regarding options for managing MIS-C.

Use of a Procalcitonin-guided Antibiotic Treatment Algorithm in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.

BACKGROUND: The utility of procalcitonin testing in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is not known. We sought to determine the impact of a procalcitonin-guided antibiotic treatment algorithm implemented with antibiotic stewardship (AS) guidance vs. usual care on antibiotic use in critically ill children. METHODS: Single center, pragmatic, randomized prospective clinical trial of critically ill children admitted to an ICU setting and started on intravenous antibiotics from February 15, 2018, to April 11, 2019. Patients were assigned on a monthly basis to either the procalcitonin or usual care arm. The procalcitonin arm had procalcitonin testing on hospital days 0, 1, 2, and 4 and stewardship assistance with algorithm result interpretation. Both arms had routine AS audit and feedback. The primary outcome was median antibiotic days of therapy per patient in the first 14-days after enrollment. RESULTS: Among 270 patients, 137 were in the procalcitonin arm and 133 in the usual care arm. Antibiotic days of therapy (DOT) were not significantly different between the procalcitonin arm (6.6, IQR: 3.1-10.9) and the usual care arm (7.6, IQR: 3-11.8; P = 0.37). More AS recommendations were made in the procalcitonin vs. control arm (54 vs. 37; P = 0.03). Adherence with algorithm-based antibiotic recommendations was high in the procalcitonin arm (70%). CONCLUSIONS: We found no difference in antibiotic DOT between study arms. This trial was underpowered but demonstrates feasibility of using a procalcitonin-guided antibiotic treatment algorithm with AS audit and feedback in the PICU.

Parenteral Antibiotic Use Among Ambulatory Children in United States Children's Hospital Emergency Departments.

BACKGROUND: Despite increasing recognition of the importance of optimal antibiotic selection and expansion of antimicrobial stewardship activities to ambulatory settings, few studies have examined the frequency of parenteral antibiotic use among ambulatory children. We assessed the prevalence and patterns of parenteral antibiotic administration among ambulatory children in pediatric emergency departments (EDs). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional assessment of parenteral antibiotic use among ambulatory children aged 0-18 years in 49 US children's hospital EDs in 2018. We assessed the prevalence rates of parenteral antibiotic use and stratified these by patient-, clinic-, and hospital-level characteristics. We also assessed the prevalence of use of specific antibiotics by age and diagnosis category. Among encounters associated with an infection diagnosis, we identified factors associated with parenteral antibiotic use using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Among 3 452 011 ambulatory ED encounters in 2018, parenteral antibiotics were administered in 62 648 (1.8%). The highest proportion of parenteral antibiotic use occurred in the 15-18-year age group (3.3%) and among encounters in children with complex chronic conditions (8.9%) and with primary diagnoses of neoplasms (36%). Ceftriaxone was the most commonly administered parenteral antibiotic (61%). In multivariable analysis, several factors including age ≤2 months, White race, private insurance, complex chronic conditions, digestive and genitourinary system diseases, and encounters attributed to emergency medicine providers were significantly associated with higher odds of parenteral antibiotic use. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates substantial variability in the frequency of parenteral antibiotic administration by age and diagnosis in the ambulatory ED setting and highlights potential opportunities to target stewardship activities.