Development and Fabrication of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Electroanalytical Sensor for the Determination of Acyclovir.

Acyclovir (ACV), a synthetic nucleoside derivative of purine, is one of the most potent antiviral medications recommended in the specific management of varicella-zoster and herpes simplex viruses. The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was utilized to create an effective and specific electrochemical sensor using a straightforward photopolymerization process to determine ACV. The polymeric thin coating was developed using the template molecule ACV, a functional monomer acrylamide, a basic monomer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, a cross-linker ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and a photoinitiator 2-hydroxy-2-methyl propiophenone on the exterior of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Scanning electron microscopy, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry were employed for the purpose of characterizing the constructed sensor (AM-ACV@MIP/GCE). Differential pulse voltammetry and a 5 mM ferrocyanide/ferricyanide ([Fe(CN)6]3-/4-) redox reagent were used to detect the ACV binding to the specific cavities on MIP. The study involves density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which were conducted to investigate template-functional monomer interactions thoroughly, calculate template-functional monomer interaction energies, and determine the optimal template/functional monomer ratio. DFT calculations were performed using Becke's three-parameter hybrid functional with the Lee-Yang-Parr correlation functional (B3LYP) method and 6-31G(d,p) basis set. The sensor exhibits linear performance throughout the concentration region 1 × 10-11 to 1 × 10-10 M, and the limit of detection and limit of quantification were 7.15 × 10-13 M and 2.38 × 10-12 M, respectively. For the electrochemical study of ACV, the sensor demonstrated high accuracy, precision, robustness, and a short detection time. Furthermore, the developed electrochemical sensor exhibited exceptional recovery in tablet dosage form and commercial human blood samples, with recoveries of 99.40 and 100.44%, respectively. The findings showed that the AM-ACV@MIP/GCE sensor would effectively be used to directly assess pharmaceuticals from actual specimens and would particularly detect ACV compared to structurally similar pharmaceutical compounds.

Approaches and Challenges for Biosensors for Acute and Chronic Heart Failure.

Heart failure (HF) is a cardiovascular disease defined by several symptoms that occur when the heart cannot supply the blood needed by the tissues. HF, which affects approximately 64 million people worldwide and whose incidence and prevalence are increasing, has an important place in terms of public health and healthcare costs. Therefore, developing and enhancing diagnostic and prognostic sensors is an urgent need. Using various biomarkers for this purpose is a significant breakthrough. It is possible to classify the biomarkers used in HF: associated with myocardial and vascular stretch (B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal proBNP and troponin), related to neurohormonal pathways (aldosterone and plasma renin activity), and associated with myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy (soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 and galactin 3). There is an increasing demand for the design of fast, portable, and low-cost biosensing devices for the biomarkers related to HF. Biosensors play a significant role in early diagnosis as an alternative to time-consuming and expensive laboratory analysis. In this review, the most influential and novel biosensor applications for acute and chronic HF will be discussed in detail. These studies will be evaluated in terms of advantages, disadvantages, sensitivity, applicability, user-friendliness, etc.

Application of Nanomaterials in Development of Electrochemical Sensors and Drug Delivery Systems for Anticancer Drugs and Cancer Biomarkers.

Worldwide occurrence of cancer has initiated a global effort for the development and production of various anticancer drugs. Unfortunately, high potential toxicity and mutagenic and carcinogenic side effects have been reported for most of the anticancer drugs, which cause many problems for the patient even at a slight dosage. Considering this, thanks to their outstanding features such as high sensitivity, selectivity, and cheapness, electrochemical methods have received much attention in the development of quick, precise, and reliable (bio) sensors for the monitoring of anticancer drugs and cancer biomarkers. Here, procedures and approaches presented for the development of modified electrodes based on nanomaterials employed for the anticancer drugs and cancer biomarkers sensing are reviewed. The analytical performance of the constructed electrodes including physical and electrochemical properties together with their figures of merits is highlighted. Nanomaterials offer excellent features for anticancer drugs. They improve multi-drug resistance, site-specificity and enhance efficient delivery. The premature degradation, preventing interaction with biological systems, absorption of the drugs into the selected tissues, controlling of the pharmacokinetic properties and skipping distribution profile can be performed with nanomaterials. In this review, detailed features of nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery systems will be presented together with the application of nanomaterials in electrochemical sensors.

Withdrawal Notice: Application of Nanomaterials in Development of Electrochemical Sensors and Drug Delivery Systems for Anticancer Drugs

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