scFv-Anti-LDL(-)-Metal-Complex Multi-Wall Functionalized-Nanocapsules as a Promising Tool for the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Progression.

Atherosclerosis can be originated from the accumulation of modified cholesterol-rich lipoproteins in the arterial wall. The electronegative LDL, LDL(-), plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis once this cholesterol-rich lipoprotein can be internalized by macrophages, contributing to the formation of foam cells, and provoking an immune-inflammatory response. Herein, we engineered a nanoformulation containing highly pure surface-functionalized nanocapsules using a single-chain fragment variable (scFv) reactive to LDL(-) as a ligand and assessed whether it can affect the LDL(-) uptake by primary macrophages and the progression of atherosclerotic lesions in Ldlr -/- mice. The engineered and optimized scFv-anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn nanoformulation is internalized by human and murine macrophages in vitro by different endocytosis mechanisms. Moreover, macrophages exhibited lower LDL(-) uptake and reduced mRNA and protein levels of IL1B and MCP1 induced by LDL(-) when treated with this new nanoformulation. In a mouse model of atherosclerosis employing Ldlr -/- mice, intravenous administration of scFv-anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn nanoformulation inhibited atherosclerosis progression without affecting vascular permeability or inducing leukocytes-endothelium interactions. Together, these findings suggest that a scFv-anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn nanoformulation holds promise to be used in future preventive and therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis.

Proinflammatory Action of a New Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein Epitope.

The electronegative low-density lipoprotein, LDL (-), is an endogenously modified LDL subfraction with cytotoxic and proinflammatory actions on endothelial cells, monocytes, and macrophages contributing to the progression of atherosclerosis. In this study, epitopes of LDL (-) were mapped using a phage display library of peptides and monoclonal antibodies reactive to this modified lipoprotein. Two different peptide libraries (X6 and CX8C for 6- and 8-amino acid-long peptides, respectively) were used in the mapping. Among all tested peptides, two circular peptides, P1A3 and P2C7, were selected based on their high affinities for the monoclonal antibodies. Small-angle X-ray scattering analysis confirmed their structures as circular rings. P1A3 or P2C7 were quickly internalized by bone marrow-derived murine macrophages as shown by confocal microscopy. P2C7 increased the expression of TNFα, IL-1 ß and iNOS as well as the secretion of TNFα, CCL2, and nitric oxide by murine macrophages, similar to the responses induced by LDL (-), although less intense. In contrast, P1A3 did not show pro-inflammatory effects. We identified a mimetic epitope associated with LDL (-), the P2C7 circular peptide, that activates macrophages. Our data suggest that this conformational epitope represents an important danger-associated molecular pattern of LDL (-) that triggers proinflammatory responses.

Estudos de aterosclerose experimental utilizando tomografia por emissão de pósitrons ( PET-Scan ) / Studies of experimental atherosclerosis using pósitron emission tomography ( PET-Scan )

A aterosclerose é caracterizada como uma doença imune-inflamatória crônica das artérias devido ao grande acúmulo de lipídios na íntima. Um dos fatores envolvidos na progressão da aterosclerose é a presença de uma subfração de partículas de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) com um grau mínimo de modificação, denominada LDL eletronegativa [LDL(-)], que possui propriedades pró-inflamatórias, apresenta maior retenção na íntima das artérias e maior tempo de permanência na circulação sanguínea, gerando respostas imuno-inflamatórias. Epítopos de anticorpos monoclonais importantes no reconhecimento das partículas de LDL(-) foram mapeados por phage display, gerando peptídeos mimotopos (P1A3 e P2C7) com potencial para acompanhamento da progressão da aterosclerose, sendo excelentes candidatos como radiotraçadores marcados com emissores de pósitrons para obtenção de imagens moleculares por tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET) associada à tomografia computadorizada (PET/CT). O peptídeo P1A3 foi radiomarcado com 64Cu através da complexação com o quelante DOTA, obtendo-se imagens por PET/CT da captação do peptídeo na região do arco aórtico de camundongos knockout para a apolipoproteína E (Apoe-/-) comparados com animais controle sem lesões ateroscleróticas. Antes da obtenção das imagens PET/CT, os peptídeos radiomarcados foram validados através de estudos de estabilidade e biodistribuição, acumulando-se rapidamente nos rins. Também foi sintetizado um nanocluster de ouro, marcado com 64Cu e funcionalizado com P1A3 em sua superfície, observando-se o maior direcionamento dos nanoclusters de ouro ligados ao P1A3 para a região das lesões ateroscleróticas do arco aórtico de camundongos Apoe-/-, comparado ao nanocluster controle. Os peptídeos P1A3 e P2C7 radiomarcados com 68Ga, foram também avaliados por imagens PET/CT em camundongos knockout para o gene do receptor da LDL (LDLr-/-) tratados ou não com dieta hipercolesterolêmica. As imagens PET/CT mostraram que os peptídeos marcados com 68Ga tiveram um aumento de captação na região do arco aórtico de camundongos LDLr-/- hipercolesterolêmicos em relação ao controle. Além disso, P2C7 foi radiomarcado com 99mTc e sua biodistribuição demonstrou uma relação maior de % atividade injetada (AI)/órgão da aorta/coração nos camundongos hipercolesterolêmicos, em concordância com a imagem obtida por SPECT (tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único) que revelou maior captação no arco aórtico

Atherosclerosis is characterized as a chronic immune-inflammatory disease of the large arteries due to the accumulation of lipids in the intima. One of the factors involved in the progression of atherosclerosis is the presence of a subfraction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles with a minimum degree of modification, called electronegative LDL [LDL (-)], which has proinflammatory properties, retention in the intima of the arteries and longer residence time in the blood circulation, generating immune-inflammatory responses. Epitopes of monoclonal antibodies important for the recognition of LDL(-) particles were mapped by phage display, generating mimotope peptides (P1A3 and P2C7) with potential to monitor the progression of atherosclerosis. These peptides are excellent candidates as radiotracers labeled with positron emitters to obtain molecular images by positron emission tomography (PET) associated with computed tomography (PET/CT). The P1A3 peptide was radiolabeled with 64Cu by complexation with the DOTA chelator to obtain PET/CT images of the peptide uptake in the aortic arch of apoliprotein E knockout mice (Apoe-/-) compared to control animals without atherosclerotic lesions. Prior to PET/CT imaging, radiolabeled peptides were validated by stability and biodistribution studies that indicated rapid accumulation in the kidneys. It was also synthesized a gold nanocluster, labeled with 64Cu and functionalized with P1A3 on its surface, observing the greater targeting of gold nanoclusters bound to P1A3 in the region of the atherosclerotic lesions of the aortic arch of Apoe-/- mice, compared to control nanocluster. The P1A3 and P2C7 peptides radiolabeled with 68Ga were also evaluated by PET imaging in LDL receptor gene knockout mice (LDLr-/-) treated or not with a hypercholesterolemic diet. PET/CT images showed that the 68Ga-labeled peptides had increased uptake in aortic arch of LDLr-/- hypercholesterolemic mice in relation to the control. Furthermore, the biodistribution of 99mTc-radiolabeled P2C7 showed a higher %ID (injected dose)/organ ratio of aorta/heart in hypercholesterolemic mice that was in accordance to SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) imaging showing its higher uptake in the aortic arch

A nanoformulation containing a scFv reactive to electronegative LDL inhibits atherosclerosis in LDL receptor knockout mice.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease responsible for the majority of cases of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. The electronegative low-density lipoprotein, a modified subfraction of native LDL, is pro-inflammatory and plays an important role in atherogenesis. To investigate the effects of a nanoformulation (scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn) containing a scFv reactive to LDL(-) on the inhibition of atherosclerosis, its toxicity was evaluated in vitro and in vivo and further it was also administered weekly to LDL receptor knockout mice. The scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn nanoformulation did not induce cell death in RAW 264.7 macrophages and HUVECs. The 5mg/kg dose of scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn did not cause any typical signs of toxicity and it was chosen for the evaluation of its atheroprotective effect in Ldlr(-/-) mice. This nanoformulation significantly decreased the atherosclerotic lesion area at the aortic sinus, compared with that in untreated mice. In addition, the Il1b mRNA expression and CD14 protein expression were downregulated in the atherosclerotic lesions at the aortic arch of Ldlr(-/-) mice treated with scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn. Thus, the scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn nanoformulation inhibited the progression of atherosclerotic lesions, indicating its potential use in a future therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis.