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Personalized medicine, which involves modifying treatment strategies/drug dosages based on massive laboratory/imaging data, faces large statistical and study design problems. The authors believe that the use of continuous multidimensional data, such as those regarding gut microbiota, or binary multidimensional systems properly transformed into a continuous variable, such as the epigenetic clock, offer an advantageous scenario for the design of trials of personalized medicine. We will discuss examples focusing on kidney diseases, specifically on IgA nephropathy. While gut dysbiosis can provide a treatment strategy to restore the standard gut microbiota using probiotics, transforming epigenetic omics data into epigenetic clocks offers a promising tool for personalized acute and chronic kidney disease care. Epigenetic clocks involve a complex transformation of DNA methylome data into estimated biological age. These clocks can identify people at high risk of developing kidney problems even before symptoms appear. Some of the effects of both the epigenetic clock and microbiota on kidney diseases seem to be mediated by endothelial dysfunction. These "big data" (epigenetic clocks and microbiota) can help tailor treatment plans by pinpointing patients likely to experience rapid declines or those who might not need overly aggressive therapies.
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Epigênese Genética , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Nefropatias , Medicina de Precisão , Humanos , Medicina de Precisão/métodos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Nefropatias/microbiologia , Nefropatias/genética , Nefropatias/terapia , Microbiota , Metilação de DNA , Epigenômica/métodos , Disbiose/microbiologia , AnimaisRESUMO
Over the past 50 years, there has been a marked increase in diseases like dengue fever, chikungunya, and Zika. The World Mosquito Program (WMP) has developed an approach that, instead of attempting to eliminate vector species, introduces Wolbachia into native Aedes aegypti populations through the release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes. Using this approach, a randomized controlled study recently demonstrated a 77% reduction in dengue across a treatment area within Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Existing release methods use the ground-based release of mosquito eggs or adults that are labor-intensive, are logistically challenging to scale up, and can be restrictive in areas where staff safety is a concern. To overcome these limitations, we developed a fully automated mosquito dosing release system that released smaller cohorts of mosquitoes over a wide area and integrated it into an uncrewed aerial vehicle. We established the effectiveness of this system using an aerial mark, release, and recapture approach. We then demonstrated that using only the aerial release method, we can establish Wolbachia infection in a naive Ae. aegypti population. In both cases, the use of aerial releases demonstrated comparable outcomes to ground-based releases without the required labor or risk. These two trials demonstrated the feasibility of using an aerial release approach for large-scale mosquito releases.
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Aedes , Controle de Mosquitos , Mosquitos Vetores , Wolbachia , Animais , Aedes/microbiologia , Wolbachia/fisiologia , Controle de Mosquitos/métodos , Mosquitos Vetores/microbiologia , Indonésia , Feminino , Dengue/prevenção & controle , Dengue/transmissão , Humanos , Robótica/instrumentação , Masculino , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodosRESUMO
Cecal microbiota has emerged as a prominent intervention target for improving the production and welfare of poultry. This is essential for the overall health and performance of broiler chickens. The current study focused on investigating the effect of cecal microbiota transplantation (CMT) from healthy donor chickens on the growth performance, immunity, and microbial composition of newly hatched chicks and evaluated the effect of sample storage on the microbial diversity of the cecal samples. A healthy "Wannan Yellow Chicken line" was selected as the donor, and 180 1-d-old chicks from the same line were used as recipients for a 60-d feed trial. The chicks were randomly allocated to three groups (60 birds per group) with three replicates in each group. The three treatment groups were CMT-0 (control, normal saline solution), CMT-I (1:12 cecal content, normal saline supplemented with 10% glycerol), and CMT-II (1:6 cecal content, normal saline supplemented with 10% glycerol). The results of weight gain and absolute organ weight showed significant improvements in the CMT-II group compared with the CMT-0 group. Serum IgG level was significantly improved (Pâ <â 0.05) in CMT-I compared with that in the CMT-0. However, IL-6 levels increased in CMT-I and then significantly decreased in CMT-II. The cecal microbial diversity of CMT treatment was compared between two groups, fresh samples (FS) and stored samples at-80 °C (SS). The results showed that beneficial taxa, such as Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobiota, were substantially more abundant in both CMT-I and CMT-II than in CMT-0 in both FS and SS. Microbial function analysis at levels 1, 2, and 3 showed improved metabolism, genetic information processing, cellular processes, environmental information processing, and organismal systems in CMT-I and CMT-II for both FS and SS groups. However, the SS group showed decreased microbial diversity and function. To conclude, cecal microbiota transplantation is a promising strategy for enhancing the productivity and health of broiler chickens.
The cecal microbiota refers to a diverse community of microorganisms that play a crucial role in digestion, nutrient absorption, and overall gut health, influencing the well-being and performance of the host bird. In this study, we aimed to improve the health and growth of broiler chickens by exploring a unique approach called cecal microbiota transplantation. A thorough investigation was conducted by transplanting the microbiota from healthy Wannan Yellow Chicken line donors into newly hatched chicks in a 60-d feeding trial. After dividing the chicks into three groups, each receiving different treatments, we found significant enhancements in WG and organ health in the groups that received cecal microbiota transplants. The results also showed improvements in Serum IgG levels in the treatment groups. Furthermore, the analysis of microbial diversity indicated that beneficial microorganisms were more abundant in the treated groups, suggesting a positive effect on chicken digestive health. To summarize, our findings suggest that transferring healthy gut microorganisms from mature parent chickens to young chicks can lead to improved growth, immune system function, microbial diversity, and overall health. This approach is a promising strategy for enhancing the productivity and well-being of broiler chickens.
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Ceco , Galinhas , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Animais , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Galinhas/microbiologia , Ceco/microbiologia , Transplante de Microbiota Fecal , Distribuição Aleatória , Masculino , Dieta/veterináriaRESUMO
The current study aimed to improve the acid resistance and thermostability of Bacillus velezensis α-amylase through site-directed mutagenesis, with a specific focus on its applicability to the feed industry. Four mutation sites, P546E, H572D, A614E, and K622E, were designed in the C domain of α-amylase, and three mutants, Mut1 (E), Mut2 (ED), and Mut3 (EDEE), were produced. The results showed that the specific activity of Mut3 was 50 U/mg higher than the original α-amylase (Ori) after incubation at 40 °C for 4 h. Compared to Ori, the acid resistance of Mut3 showed a twofold increase in specific activity at pH 2.0. Moreover, the results of preliminary feed hydrolysis were compared between Ori and Mut3 by designing three factors, three levels of orthogonal experiment for enzymatic hydrolysis time, feed quantity, and amount of amylase. It was observed that the enzymatic hydrolysis time and feed quantity showed an extremely significant difference (p < 0.01) in Mut3 compared to Ori. However, the amount of enzyme showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the enzymatic hydrolysis in Mut3 as compared to Ori. The study identified Mut3 as a promising candidate for the application of α-amylase in the feed industry.
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Bacillus , Proteínas de Bactérias , Mutagênese Sítio-Dirigida , alfa-Amilases , Ácidos/metabolismo , Ácidos/química , Ácidos/farmacologia , alfa-Amilases/genética , alfa-Amilases/química , alfa-Amilases/metabolismo , Ração Animal , Bacillus/enzimologia , Bacillus/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Estabilidade Enzimática , Temperatura Alta , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Hidrólise , CinéticaRESUMO
Pacific Island countries have experienced periodic dengue, chikungunya and Zika outbreaks for decades. The prevention and control of these mosquito-borne diseases rely heavily on control of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which in most settings are the primary vector. Introgression of the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis (wMel strain) into Ae. aegypti populations reduces their vector competence and consequently lowers dengue incidence in the human population. Here we describe successful area-wide deployments of wMel-infected Ae. aegypti in Suva, Lautoka, Nadi (Fiji), Port Vila (Vanuatu) and South Tarawa (Kiribati). With community support, weekly releases of wMel-infected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes for between 2 to 5 months resulted in wMel introgression in nearly all locations. Long term monitoring confirmed a high, self-sustaining prevalence of wMel infecting mosquitoes in almost all deployment areas. Measurement of public health outcomes were disrupted by the Covid19 pandemic but are expected to emerge in the coming years.
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Aedes , Vírus da Dengue , Dengue , Wolbachia , Infecção por Zika virus , Zika virus , Animais , Humanos , Aedes/genética , Aedes/microbiologia , Mosquitos Vetores/genética , Mosquitos Vetores/microbiologia , Wolbachia/genética , Fiji/epidemiologia , VanuatuRESUMO
This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis supplementation on gut microbiota diversity, digestive enzyme activity, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in broiler chickens. A total of 240 "817" crossbred broiler chickens were randomly assigned to four groups: control (basal diet, BD), group I (BD + 300 g/d B. subtilis at 1.08 × 107 CFU/kg), group II (BD + 600 g/d B. subtilis at 2.16 × 107 CFU/kg), and group III (BD + 900 g/d B. subtilis at 3.24 × 107 CFU/kg). Gut microbiota analysis revealed significant improvements in the abundance of specific microorganisms in the treatment groups, with distinct variations in the core microorganisms between the groups. Notably, protease activity in the ileum was significantly increased in groups II (22.59%; p < 0.01) and III (14.49%; p < 0.05) compared to that in the control group. Moreover, significant up-regulation of TLR1A and TLR7 expression was observed in jejunum and cecum of the treated groups. Additionally, the TLR1B expression in the ileum was significantly increased. Furthermore, TLR2A and MyD88 transcription levels were significantly elevated in the jejunum, liver, spleen, and kidneys of experimental groups. Modulations in the expression of various TLR's (TLR2B, TLR3, TLR4, TLR15, and TLR21) were also observed in different organs. The spleen and kidney of B. subtilis-supplemented chickens exhibited upregulated expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1ß. Dietary supplementation with B. subtilis in broiler chickens improved the gut microbiota diversity and significantly upregulated TLR's expression in various organs. B. subtilis could be a valuable feed additive, contributing to improved disease management and overall health in broiler chickens.
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(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the primary active ingredient in green tea and has been used for cancer prevention in clinical trials. The anti-tumor effects of EGCG stem from its ability to inhibit the activities of many oncoproteins, such as AKT, VEGFR, STAT3, and mutant p53. However, the clinical efficacy of EGCG is unsatisfactory. How to improve the anti-tumor effects of EGCG is an open question. Here we report that EGCG inhibits the tumor suppressive Hippo signaling pathway and activates downstream YAP in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Activation of YAP impedes the anti-tumor effects of EGCG. YAP blockade increases the sensitivity of CRC cells to EGCG treatment.
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Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) belonging to one of the most diverse and substantial families, Poaceae, is the principal cereal crop for the majority of the world's population. This cereal is polyploidy in nature and domestically grown worldwide. Wheat is the source of approximately half of the food calories consumed worldwide and is rich in proteins (gluten), minerals (Cu, Mg, Zn, P, and Fe), vitamins (B-group and E), riboflavin, niacin, thiamine, and dietary fiber. Wheat seed-storage proteins represent an important source of food and energy and play a major role in the determination of bread-making quality. The two groups of wheat grain proteins, i.e., gliadins and glutenins, have been widely studied using SDS-PAGE and other techniques. Sustainable production with little input of chemicals along with high nutritional quality for its precise ultimate uses in the human diet are major focus areas for wheat improvement. An expansion in the hereditary base of wheat varieties must be considered in the wheat breeding program. It may be accomplished in several ways, such as the use of plant genetic resources, comprising wild relatives and landraces, germplasm-assisted breeding through advanced genomic tools, and the application of modern methods, such as genome editing. In this review, we critically focus on phytochemical composition, reproduction growth, types, quality, seed storage protein, and recent challenges in wheat breeding and discuss possible ways forward to combat those issues.
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Purpose: To obtain epidemiological data on children with ocular morbidity attending a nodal district early intervention center (DEIC). Methods: : After parental consent, we recruited children with ocular morbidity. After detailed history and clinical evaluation, along with pediatric consultation and relevant neuro-radiological and ancillary investigation, information was entered in a pretested proforma: especially looking for perinatal morbidity, including developmental delay (DD). Visual acuity (VA) was assessed by age-appropriate means by an ophthalmic assistant trained to work with children with special needs. We diligently looked for strabismus and performed dilated ophthalmoscopy. Using JASP, we summarized data as means and proportions and reported 95% CIs. We explored the association of disability percentage with possible predictor variables using regression. Results: We enrolled 320 children, with a mean age of 34.43 ± 31.35 months; two-thirds were male; one-third belonged to lower socioeconomic status (36%), with most parents being illiterate. The mean presenting VA was 1.8 logMAR for both eyes, range: 0 to 3. Sixty-one percent were hyperopic and 27% were myopic. High refractive error, (>±6D) occurred in nine; anisometropia in one; strabismus in 149, mostly esotropia; congenital cataract in 25, whereas 63 had abnormal fundus. Seventy-six received a diagnosis of cerebral visual impairment (CVI). On multivariate linear regression (MLR), younger age, presence of DD, and CVI significantly predicted a higher disability percentage. Logistic regression revealed that statutory disability is likely associated with DD (odds ratio [OR]:13.43); whereas older age was protective (OR: 0.977). Conclusion: Our study suggests that in DEIC children with ocular morbidity, younger children, and the presence of DD significantly predict both greater disability and the likelihood of statutory levels.
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Erros de Refração , Estrabismo , Feminino , Gravidez , Criança , Humanos , Masculino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Acuidade Visual , Erros de Refração/epidemiologia , Transtornos da Visão , Estrabismo/diagnóstico , Estrabismo/epidemiologia , MorbidadeRESUMO
Due to the bad aspects associated with the use of antibiotics, the pressure on poultry production prompted the efforts to find out suitable growth-promoting and disease-preventing alternatives. Although many cost-effective alternatives have been developed, currently, one of the most auspicious alternatives for poultry feed is spore-forming probiotics, which can exert more beneficial effects as compared to normal probiotics, because of their ability to withstand the harsh external and internal conditions which result in increased viability. Many studies have already used spore-forming probiotics to improve different parameters of poultry production. Our laboratory has recently isolated a spore-forming bacterial strain, which has the potential to be used as a probiotic. So, to provide a detailed understanding, the current review aimed to collect valuable references to describe the mechanism of action of spore-forming probiotics and their effect on all the key aspects of poultry production.
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Residual wastes can be fermented by using probiotics to formulate a well-balanced diet for poultry. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of fermented feed (FF) formulated by the supplementation of probiotics into corn by-products, on the production performance of laying hens. A total of 468 49-wk-old Hy-Line Brown chickens were randomly allocated into four treatments with 3 replicates, control group (basal diet), group I (4% FF, w/w), group II (8% FF, w/w), and antibiotic group (flavomycin, 50 mg/kg). Laying hens were housed in 3-tier cages (28 × 48 cm × 48 cm) and the temperature was maintained at 21 °C. The birds were fed 4.56 kg of feed to each group twice a day. Compared with the control group, the egg production and feed intake in the FF groups increased significantly. Egg weight in group I was higher than that of group II and antibiotic (P < 0.01) while that in group II was lower than control (P < 0.05). The feed-to-egg ratio of FF groups compared with control was decreased (P < 0.05). Eggshell strength and egg shape index in group II were decreased significantly when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Yolk color, albumen height (AH), and Haugh unit (HU) in FF groups were improved compared with the control group and antibiotic group (P < 0.01). Yolk triglyceride level was significantly reduced in group II, compared with group I. These results indicated that the FF has no adverse effects and has beneficial effects on production performance and egg quality parameters of laying hens.
Feed costs the major portion of poultry industry which is estimated to be 60% to 70%. The current study focused to add the fermented agro-industrial by product most of which were waste residues to the laying hen's diet. The result showed beneficial effects, which proved that fermentation is a good method to improve the nutritional quality of feed raw materials, which is beneficial to the gastrointestinal health of the poultry. The study elaborated the potential of waste residues to be used as a kind of functional feed ingredient, which can enhanced the production parameters and egg quality indices of poultry.
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Ração Animal , Galinhas , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Feminino , Óvulo , Zea maysRESUMO
We have recently highlighting the role of spiroisoxazoline arteannuin B derivatives in mediating proinflammatory cytokines like IL-6, TNfα and NO in vitro. In the present study, a series of new ß-arylated arteannuin B analogues were synthesized through coupling with arylboroic acids and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity in a panel of six cancer cell lines. The binding efficiency was verified by docking of the original ligand within the active site of ATPase domain of GRP78 (PDB ID: 3LDL) at a resolution of 2.30 Å with the score energy of -8.07 kcal/mol. Among the new compounds 3a, 3b, 3d, 3i, 3j and 3n displayed potent cytotoxic potential with an IC50 from 2 to 18 µM and compound 3i was proven to be the most potent cytotoxic and anti-proliferative compound of all the six distinct cell lines. Compound 3i exhibited promising apoptosis inducing potential in breast cancer cells and stalled their wound healing properties and was effective in blocking the migration of cancer cells.
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Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Antineoplásicos/química , Artemisininas , Ácidos Borônicos/farmacologia , Catálise , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Paládio , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
AIMS: To acquire quality amylase adopted in practical applications, endophytic bacteria were identified as Bacillus velezensis strain D1 which was isolated from corn seeds. The fermentation conditions and amylase properties of the strain were investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: The strain D1 was identified via morphological, physiological and 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis. The fermentation conditions of secreting amylase were optimized by single-factor and orthogonal experiments. The α-amylase gene was expressed in E. coli and purified by means of immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC), upon which the enzyme activity of purified recombinant α-amylase was determined. The results outlined that (1) The strain D1 was identified as Bacillus velezensis. (2) The optimized fermentation conditions for maximum amylase yields included 44°C for 48 h at pH 7.5. (3) The enzyme had an optimal reaction temperature of 60°C with the highest activity at 50°C and tolerance to 4-h incubation at 70°C. (4) The enzyme was strong acid resistant and tolerated at pH 5.0-6.0 while the optimal pH was 8.0. (5) Besides, the amylase activity was elevated by the presence of Ca2+ and Cu2+ . (6) The activity of purified recombinant amylase was 20.59 U/ml under optimal conditions, nearly seven times that of crude amylase preparations. CONCLUSIONS: The amylase produced by Bacillus velezensis D1 is strongly tolerant towards acid and high temperatures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Amylases with thermophilic and acid-resistant characteristics are useful for a wide range of applications in food, brewing, textile, starch, paper and deterrent industries. The enzyme from Bacillus velezensis D1 can be effectively used in different areas of industries.
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Escherichia coli , Zea mays , Amilases/genética , Bacillus , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Fermentação , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Filogenia , Sementes/metabolismo , Amido/metabolismo , Temperatura , Zea mays/metabolismo , alfa-Amilases/química , alfa-Amilases/genética , alfa-Amilases/metabolismoRESUMO
Aim: To determine the prevalence of multidrug (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) pathogens from pediatric blood samples Methods: In total, 4543 children's blood samples were processed in the BacT/ALERT system. Confirmation of the isolates and MIC was determined in VITEK® 2 system. Molecular identification of blaIMP, blaVIM and blaOXA-48 was done by PCR. Results: Of 4543 blood cultures, 458 (10%) were positive for bacterial growth and Salmonella Typhi (415; 90%) remained the primary pathogens. Antibiogram revealed 208 (50.1%) and 137 (33%) were MDR and XDR S. Typhi, respectively. Klebsiella pneumoniae displayed 46% resistance to imipenem. One hundred twelve (81.7%) XDR Typhi were positive for blaCTXM, whereas 14 (66.6%) blaVIM were found in carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Conclusion: A high prevalence of MDR and XDR pathogens was found in peads blood culture.
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Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Salmonella typhi/isolamento & purificação , Sepse , Carbapenêmicos/farmacologia , Criança , Humanos , Paquistão/epidemiologia , Saúde Pública , Salmonella typhi/efeitos dos fármacos , Sepse/diagnóstico , Sepse/microbiologiaRESUMO
Bacillus velezensis is a plant growth-promoting bacterium that can also inhibit plant pathogens. However, based on its properties, it is emerging as a probiotic in animal feed. This review focuses on the potential characteristics of B. velezensis for use as a probiotic in the animal feed industry. The review was conducted by collecting recently published articles from peer-reviewed journals. Google Scholar and PubMed were used as search engines to access published literature. Based on the information obtained, the data were divided into three groups to discuss the (i) probiotic characteristics of B. velezensis, (ii) probiotic potential for fish, and (iii) the future potential of this species to be developed as a probiotic for the animal feed industry. Different strains of B. velezensis isolated from different sources were found to have the ability to produce antimicrobial compounds and have a beneficial effect on the gut microbiota, with the potential to be a candidate probiotic in the animal feed industry. This review provides valuable information about the characteristics of B. velezensis, which can provide researchers with a better understanding of the use of this species in the animal feed industry.
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Ração Animal/microbiologia , Bacillus , Probióticos , Animais , Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibiose , Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Bacillus/genética , Bacillus/fisiologia , Peixes , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Genes Bacterianos , Aves Domésticas , Metabolismo Secundário/genéticaRESUMO
One of the most important factors that determine feed utilization by chickens is the feed form. Although it is generally believed that pellet diets have a positive effect on chicken growth, there are some studies that have indicated no difference between pellet and mash on chickens performance. This study was conducted to assess the effects of feed form on production performance, egg quality, nutrient metabolism and intestinal morphology in two breed laying hens. Two hundred and sixteen 25-week-old Hy-Line brown (n = 108) and Hy-Line grey (n = 108) hens were selected. Each breed was randomly allocated into two treatments with 6 replications (9 birds in each replication), which were fed mash and pellet diets, respectively. Production performances were recorded daily and egg quality traits were measured every two weeks. At 42 weeks of age, one bird per replication from each experimental group was selected for metabolism determination and intestine morphology observation. Compared with mash diets, pellet diets improved laying rate (p < 0.05), ADFI (average daily feed intake, p < 0.05), egg weight, shell strength, yolk proportion and Haugh unit (p < 0.05) in both breeds and reduced the FCR (feed conversion ratio, p < 0.05) in Hy-Line grey. The apparent digestibility of DM% (dry matter) and CP% (crude protein) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in both breed laying hens fed pellet than those fed mash. The apparent digestibility of P% (phosphorus) and Ca% (calcium) was higher in Hy-Line grey fed pellet and was higher in Hy-Line brown fed mash. Compared to mash diets, pellet diets increased the VH (villus height), CD (crypt depth) and VCR (ratio of villus height to crypt depth) of the small intestine of Hy-Line grey, and increased the VH and CD of duodenum and ileum of Hy-Line brown. Overall, pellet diets improved production performance and nutrition metabolism through positive changes in the laying rate, feed intake, egg albumen quality and apparent digestibility of laying hens. The current findings provided support for the advantages of feeding pellets during the peak egg laying period for the two popular laying hen strains, Hy-Line brown and Hy-Line grey.
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The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of wheat germ oil and wheat bran fiber as fat replacers on quality and stability of low-fat beef patties. Total five treatments were prepared by employing wheat germ oil (WGO) and wheat bran fiber (WBF). WBF was used at fixed amount of 3% in all treatments except control in conjunction with varying WGO concentrations as follows: 1.5%, 3%, and 4.5%. Prepared raw and cooked beef patties were stored at 4°C, and further analyses were carried out up to 21 days of storage period with intermittent evaluation interval of 7 days. Higher values of TBARS, peroxide, and cholesterol were observed in raw and cooked beef patties in control, whereas minimum values were found in treatment of beef patties prepared with WGO 4.5% + WBF 3%. The physicochemical parameters were observed by pH and hunter color values. pH was higher in cooked patties as compared to beef patties and showed increases with increase in WGO concentration and storage intervals. The sensorial attributes were observed which included different parameters, such as appearance, texture, taste, odor, and overall acceptability. Higher score was given by the panelists to control for both raw and cooked beef patties; however, minimum score for all sensory properties was found in group treated with WGO 4.5% + WBF 3% within acceptable limit. In nutshell, raw and cooked beef patties treated with WGO 4.5% plus WBF 3% showed better quality, stability, and reduced cholesterol content.
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Triticum aestivum is among the few species of crops which has been widely grown as a source of food. For seed quality trait analysis, wheat germplasm (77 genotypes) was collected from Pakistan's diverse agro-climatic regions. Significant variation (p < 0.05) was observed for tested parameters among tested genotypes. Genotypes with maximum protein content, i.e., GA2002 (16.5%) and Marvi (16.5%), moisture content, i.e., advance line 9,244 (11%), starch content, i.e., AARI 2011 (54.1%), zeleny sedimentation rate, i.e., advance line 2006 (44ml), wet gluten content, i.e., advance line 2006 (44%), kernel weight, i.e., advance line TC-4928 (41.6 ± 9.5 mg), kernel diameter, i.e., sassui (2.91 ± 0.32 mm), kernel moisture, i.e., AUQAB 2000 (11.7 ± 0.4%), Mairaj 2000 (11.7 ± 0.4%), and Barani-83 (11.7 ± 0.3%), and hardness index, i.e., Punjab 2011 (91 ± 39) are concluded as potential candidates to be explored for bakery products and the breeding program to improve quality attributes of wheat. Data were also analyzed for correlation, agglomerative hierarchical clustering, and principal component analysis (PCA). Cluster analysis clustered all genotypes into five different groups. The D2 statistics confirmed maximum diversity of cluster-V genotypes against genotypes of cluster-IV regarding single kernel characteristics, whereas cluster-II genotypes revealed maximum diversity against cluster-III genotypes relating to grain nutritional profile. The contribution of PC-I regarding single kernel characteristics toward variability was highest (48.58%) and revealed positive factor loadings for kernel weight, kernel diameter, and kernel moisture, while the contribution of PC-I with respect to grain nutritional profile toward variability was highest (59.76%) and showed positive factor loadings for moisture and starch content. Varieties having good quality attributes can be combined by breeders via various breeding methods with the aim of developing high quality wheat in the future.
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In this study, a strain producing ß-glucanase and protease, identified as Bacillus velezensis Y1, was isolated from the manure of piglet. We attempted to produce ß-glucanase and protease after optimization of various process parameters with the submerged fermentation. The effects of each factor on producing ß-glucanase and protease were as follows: temperature > time > pH > loaded liquid volume. The properties of the ß-glucanase showed that the most suitable reaction temperature was 65 °C and pH was 6.0. However for protease optimum reaction temperature was 50 °C, and pH was 6.0. The amplified PCR fragments of ß-glucanase and protease were 1434 bp containing an open reading frame of 1413 bp encoding a protein with 444 amino acids and 1752 bp containing an open reading frame of 1521 bp encoding a protein with 506 amino acids, respectively. So, the study demonstrated a viable approach of using newly identified B. velezensis Y1 strain for the maximum yield of two industrially important enzymes.
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Bacillus , Proteínas de Bactérias , Glicosídeo Hidrolases , Esterco/microbiologia , Peptídeo Hidrolases , Animais , Bacillus/enzimologia , Bacillus/genética , Bacillus/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/química , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/genética , Peptídeo Hidrolases/química , Peptídeo Hidrolases/genética , SuínosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The excessive use of antibiotics in the livestock feed industry caused inevitable side effects of microbial resistance. Besides this residual antibiotics in animal-derived foodstuff imposed serious health problems for humans. So this study aimed to investigate the potential use of Bacillus velezensis to substitute antibiotics for poultry production. A total of 468, 49-week-old Hy-Line Brown chickens, were randomly divided into four groups the control group (regular diet), experiment group I (0.1% B. veleznesis), experiment group II (0.2% B. veleznesis), and antibiotic group (50 mg/kg flavomycin), with three replicates per group and trial period consisted on 42 days. RESULTS: The results showed that, compared with the control group, the average egg production rate and daily feed intake of experimental groups I and II increased significantly (P < 0.05), while the average egg weight was increased in experimental group II as compared to (I) (P < 0.01). The feed conversion ratio was decreased (P > 0.05) in group (II) Egg quality parameters such as yolk weight of the experimental group II was increased, but that of the antibiotic group and experiment group I was decreased, neither significant (P > 0.05). Moreover, the eggshell strength, yolk color, albumen height, and Haugh unit were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, probiotic groups can increase the progesterone and motilin (P > 0.05) but decrease the secretin and cholecystokinin in the blood plasma (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that B. velezensis can substitute in-feed-antibiotics and improved most of the study parameters significantly. Which suggested that B. velezensis has potential future application value to replace the feed antibiotics.