RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) manifests as hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and ketosis. However, euglycemic DKA (eu-DKA) conceals severe DKA with glucose levels below 200 mg/dL. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors can induce eu-DKA in diabetic patients. Notably, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) -infected individuals with diabetes using SGLT2 inhibitors face an augmented risk of eu-DKA due to the direct toxic impact of the virus on pancreatic islets. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the association between SGLT2 inhibitors and eu-DKA in COVID-19 patients through meticulous case report analysis. Additionally, we endeavor to examine the outcomes and treatment approaches for COVID-19-infected diabetics receiving SGLT2 inhibitors, providing indispensable insights for healthcare professionals managing this specific patient population. AIM: To investigate the connection between SGLT2 inhibitors and euglycemic DKA in COVID-19 patients through a meticulous analysis of case reports. METHODS: We conducted an exhaustive search across prominent electronic databases, including PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. This search encompassed the period from December 2019 to May 2022, incorporating published studies and pre-prints. The search terms employed encompassed "SGLT2 inhibitors", "euglycemic DKA", "COVID-19", and related variations. By incorporating these diverse sources, our objective was to ensure a thorough exploration of the existing literature on this subject, thereby augmenting the validity and robustness of our findings. RESULTS: Our search yielded a total of seven case reports and one case series, collectively comprising a cohort of twelve patients. These reports detailed instances of eu-DKA in individuals with COVID-19. Crucially, all twelve patients were utilizing SGLT2 as their primary anti-diabetic medication. Upon admission, all oral medications were promptly discontinued, and the patients were initiated on intravenous insulin therapy to effectively manage the DKA. Encouragingly, eleven patients demonstrated a favorable outcome, while regrettably, one patient succumbed to the condition. Subsequently, SGLT2 were discontinued for all patients upon their discharge from the hospital. These findings provide valuable insights into the clinical management and outcomes of eu-DKA cases associated with COVID-19 and SGLT2, underscoring the critical importance of prompt intervention and vigilant medication adjustments. CONCLUSION: Our study sheds light on the possibility of diabetic patients developing both drug-related and unrelated DKA, as well as encountering adverse outcomes in the context of COVID-19, despite maintaining satisfactory glycemic control. The relationship between glycemic control and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 remains ambiguous. Consequently, this systematic review proposes that COVID-19-infected diabetic patients using SGLT2 should contemplate alternative treatment protocols until their recovery from the disease.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is the result of transmural ischemia of the myocardium and is associated with a high mortality rate. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is the recommended first-line treatment strategy for patients with STEMI. The timely delivery of PPCI became extremely challenging for STEMI patients during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, leading to a projected steep rise in mortality. These delays were overcome by the shift from first-line therapy and the development of modern fibrinolytic-based reperfusion. It is unclear whether fibrinolytic-based reperfusion therapy is effective in improving STEMI endpoints. AIM: To determine the incidence of fibrinolytic therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on STEMI clinical outcomes. METHODS: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were queried from January 2020 up to February 2022 to identify studies investigating the effect of fibrinolytic therapy on the prognostic outcome of STEMI patients during the pandemic. Primary outcomes were the incidence of fibrinolysis and the risk of all-cause mortality. Data were meta-analyzed using the random effects model to derive odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals. Quality assessment was carried out using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. RESULTS: Fourteen studies including 50136 STEMI patients (n = 15142 in the pandemic arm; n = 34994 in the pre-pandemic arm) were included. The mean age was 61 years; 79% were male, 27% had type 2 diabetes, and 47% were smokers. Compared with the pre-pandemic period, there was a significantly increased overall incidence of fibrinolysis during the pandemic period [OR: 1.80 (1.18 to 2.75); I2= 78%; P = 0.00; GRADE: Very low]. The incidence of fibrinolysis was not associated with the risk of all-cause mortality in any setting. The countries with a low-and middle-income status reported a higher incidence of fibrinolysis [OR: 5.16 (2.18 to 12.22); I2 = 81%; P = 0.00; GRADE: Very low] and an increased risk of all-cause mortality in STEMI patients [OR: 1.16 (1.03 to 1.30); I2 = 0%; P = 0.01; GRADE: Very low]. Meta-regression analysis showed a positive correlation of hyperlipidemia (P = 0.001) and hypertension (P < 0.001) with all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION: There is an increased incidence of fibrinolysis during the pandemic period, but it has no effect on the risk of all-cause mortality. The low- and middle-income status has a significant impact on the all-cause mortality rate and the incidence of fibrinolysis.
