The effect of nutritional factors on urolithiasis: A case-control study.

Urolithiasis, a prevalent chronic kidney disease affecting all age groups, can be influenced by nutritional factors. The incidence of urolithiasis in Asian countries ranges from 1% to 19.1%, attributed to geographical and lifestyle differences. In Iran, several risk factors, including ethnicity, dietary habits, gender, and age, are associated with urolithiasis. This study aimed to assess the impact of nutritional factors on kidney and urinary tract stone formation. This case-control study enrolled 127 newly diagnosed urolithiasis patients, and 127 matched healthy participants between February to May 2017. Exclusion criteria included diabetes and acute or chronic renal failure. Data were collected using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression tests. Water (95% CI: 0.09-0.89, OR=0.28), natural juices (95% CI: 0.10-0.65, OR=0.53), mineral water (95% CI: 0.05-0.64, OR=0.18), legumes (95% CI: 0.00-0.38, OR=0.032), butter, cream, or peppermint (95% CI: 0.09-0.95, OR=0.30), and ice cream (95% CI: 0.07-0.54, OR=0.203) had a significant protective effect against kidney and urinary tract stone formation. Conversely, tea consumption (95% CI: 1.15-7.99, OR=4.70), beverages (95% CI: 4.45-23.32, OR=23.32), coffee (95% CI: 1.63-11.78, OR=4.39), bread (95% CI: 1.1-10.59, OR=3.37), meat (95% CI: 1.01-8.01, OR=2.85), liver (95% CI: 3.37-488.90, OR=40.58), fish (95% CI: 2.89-216.39, OR=25.03), and various canned foods (95% CI: 1.34-10.25, OR=3.70) were significantly associated with kidney and urinary tract stone risk. These findings showed that the risk of urinary stones formation had a significant relationship with dietary habits. Therefore, the correct dietary pattern and sufficient fluid consumption may play an important role in preventing urinary stones.

Rate and Causes of Suicide in Ilam: A Report of the Suicide Registry.

Objective: Suicide is one of the most important health problems in the world. Financial, academic, social, and environmental difficulties along with genetic, physical, and mental disorders affect suicide attempts. This study aimed to find risk factors for completed suicide in Ilam province according to the suicide registry in Ilam province. Method : This was a prospective study and was performed based on suicide case registration data, pre-determined checklist data, and death registration data in Ilam province from March 2019 to September 2020. Logistic regression models and the Chi-square test were used to determine the relationship between completed suicide and its risk factors. Results: Among 1,410 attempted suicides, 66 (4.7 %) were executed. Rate of completed suicides was higher in men (6.5%) compared to women (4.5%), (p = 0.005), age groups over 65 years (P < 0.001), retirees and farmers (P = 0.009), illiterate people (P < 0.001), villagers (P = 0.02), people motivated due to physical problems (P = 0.016), suicide by physical methods (P < 0.001) and self-immolation (P < 0.001). Logistic regression showed that incidence of completed suicide was significantly higher in the age group over 65 years, illiterate people, people using physical methods, villagers, and men. Multivariate logistic regression also showed that men and individuals using physical methods of suicide were significantly more successful in suicide. Conclusion: Men, the elderly, illiterates, villagers, and people who used physical suicide methods were in high-risk groups. Despite lower prevalence of suicide, a higher rate of completed suicide was demonstrated. To decrease completed suicide rates, we must pay attention to these groups.

Relationship between nitrogen functionality and wheat flour dough rheology: Extensional and shear approaches.

Nitrogen supplied to wheat crops to increase grain productivity is being scrutinized because of its role in greenhouse gas emissions. Nitrogen affects food quality as well as food security because it increases grain protein content and can change wheat protein composition, both of which affect the rheological properties of dough made from the grain. This review explores the relationship between nitrogen functionality, wheat protein content and the ratio of gliadins to glutenins through critical assessment of recent studies on nitrogen fertilization of wheat. Moreover, by studying how variations in protein content and the gliadins/glutenins ratio affect the shear and extensional rheological properties of the dough, this review elucidates the direct role of nitrogen on wheat flour dough behavior during processing because process operations primarily employ extensional and shear forces. Nitrogen uptake by wheat plants leads to an increase in wheat protein content and changes in the gliadins/glutenins ratio. Confounding factors associated with wheat plant growth and dough preparation make it difficult to definitively separate effects of wheat protein content from effects of wheat protein composition on dough rheology. Nevertheless, in general, higher protein content is associated with larger gliadins/glutenins ratios, resulting in wheat flour doughs that are more extensible.

Comparison of visfatin levels in patients with breast cancer and endometrial cancer with healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background and aims: Endometrial cancer (EC) and breast cancer (BC) are prevalent in women. Visfatin is an adipokine that, in addition to being involved in metabolism and inflammation, may also be interested in carcinogenesis. Visfatin measurement in cancer patients has shown that visfatin levels in cancer patients differed from those in healthy subjects. Various studies have shown that the level of visfatin is increased in people within EC and BC, and this difference has a significant relationship with prognosis. Methods: A comprehensive search of related articles from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Google Scholar database was done by November 2021. Eligible articles measured visfatin levels in patients with breast cancer and EC. After selecting the eligible studies, the data were extracted and analyzed using the random effect method. Results: Given the effect size and the confidence interval obtained, the total level of visfatin in cancer patients was different from that in healthy individuals, and this difference was statistically significant. However, the difference in visfatin levels in patients with breast cancer was much more significant than in patients with EC compared to the control group. Conclusions: Due to the significant increase in visfatin levels in these patients, visfatin may be a potential prognostic factor in breast and ECs. Visfatin levels in cancer patients differed from those in healthy subjects, and this difference was also statistically significant (p-values = 0.00). Visfatin levels also differed between breast cancer patients and healthy individuals, which was statistically significant (p-values = 0.00). The difference in visfatin levels between patients with EC and healthy subjects was statistically significant (p-values = 0.047).

Association between quality of life, sleep quality and mental disorders in Iranian older adults.

Aging as a major challenge can affect the development and growth of countries all around the world. This study aimed to identify the subgroups of the elderly based on the quality of life (Qol), sleep quality, and common mental disorders and assess the role of demographic characteristics on the membership of participants in each latent class. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1064 people over the age of 60 years. The sample was selected through cluster sampling in northern Iran. All participants completed six sets of checklists and questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using latent class analysis. Three latent classes were identified; namely, (1) healthy (66.8%), (2) anxious and with poor sleep quality (28.6%), and unhealthy (4.6%). Being Female significantly increased the odds of membership in classes 2 and 3 compared to class 1. Furthermore, living in urban areas increased the odds of belonging to class 2 and class 3 compared to class 1. Illiteracy was also shown to increase the odds of being in class 3 in comparison to class 1. Results from the present indicate that the co-occurrence of health problems in 33.2% of the elderly was observed in various forms. The results of this study can be used in prioritizing health programs for the elderly and emphasizing high-risk groups.

The Role of Oxidant-Antioxidant Status in Suicide Behavior in Kurdish Ethnicity.

INTRODUCTION: Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, its role in suicidal behavior has not been clarified yet. Consequently, we aimed to evaluate the oxidant-antioxidant status in the serum of suicide attempters in Ilam city. METHODS: Fifty suicide attempters and 40 control subjects (volunteers) aged 18-35 years were studied in the current experiment. To consider the oxidant-antioxidant status, serum levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) were measured. RESULTS: Serum levels of SOD and TAC were significantly lower in the suicide attempters group compared to the controls. Furthermore, serum NO level was significantly higher in the suicide attempters compared to the control groups. Interestingly, the serum level of MDA was significantly lower in the suicide attempters compared to the control groups. CONCLUSION: The oxidative stress without MDA elevation, detected in suicide attempters, can be considered a biochemical hallmark in suicide behavior.

Toxoplasma oocysts in the soil of public places worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic and cosmopolitan infection. Although a few studies have evaluated the prevalence of Toxoplasma oocysts in the soil of public places, the present study was conducted to provide insights into environmental contamination levels and its potential transmission to humans on a global scale. A systematic search was conducted using bibliographic databases through 30 August 2020. A random effects model was utilized to estimate pooled prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analysis and meta-regressions were also performed on the geographical and environmental parameters. Finally, 22 articles, wherein 15 420 soil samples were examined, met the systematic review and meta-analysis requirements. The mean pooled prevalence of Toxoplasma oocysts was estimated at 16% (95% CI 10 to 26) in public places. The estimated prevalences in Europe, South America, Asia and North America were 23% (95% CI 4 to 65), 22% (95% CI 18 to 26), 15% (95% CI 0.06 to 33) and 8% (95% CI 0.00 to 97), respectively. An increasing trend was observed in the prevalence of Toxoplasma oocysts with increasing latitude (41-56°), decreasing longitude (0-40°) and increasing relative humidity (≥76%). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification and polymerase chain reaction methods revealed the highest and lowest prevalence rates, respectively, in the detection of Toxoplasma oocysts. Awareness of the health authorities and people about Toxoplasma prevalence in the soil of public places and its risk factors is of great importance to developing effective strategies to prevent infection.

Association of asparagine concentration in wheat with cultivar, location, fertilizer, and their interaction.

The need to produce wheat with low asparagine concentration is of great importance as a measure to mitigate acrylamide concentration in wheat-based products. The association of asparagine concentration in Canadian bread wheat with cultivar, growing location, fertilizer and their interaction were investigated. Wheat cultivars (8) were grown in 2 locations under 4 fertilizer treatments in triplicate (which consisted of two nitrogen rates (90 or 120 lbs/acre) with or without 15 lbs sulphur per acre). The asparagine concentration ranged from 168.9 to 1050 µg/g and was significantly affected by cultivar, location, and their interaction but not fertilizer treatment. Location and cultivar were responsible for 80% and 14% of the variation, respectively. Some cultivars were not affected by location and maintained their low asparagine accumulation trait. Thus, breeding strategies should aim to identify cultivars that are low asparagine accumulating and are stable across different growing environments.

Epidemiology of road traffic crashes in Ilam Province, Iran, 2009-2013.

OBJECTIVE: Road traffic crashes (RTCs) are major public health challenges of world health systems, and the main leading cause of death in children and young adults aged 5 to 29 years. This study aimed to assess the epidemiology of RTCs in Ilam, Iran. RESULTS: The total mortality rate due to RTCs has been increasing every year. There was a statistically significant relationship between age/sex and death or injury from RTCs in pedestrians, drivers, and passengers (p < 0.05). There was a significant relationship between the part of body trauma and RTCs in pedestrians (p < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant relationship was found between the type of vehicle and using seat belt with RTCs in drivers and passengers (p = 0.000).

A comparison of faculty led, mentorship program and peer mentoring on nursing students wound dressing clinical skills.

BACKGROUND: The promotion of clinical nursing education requires using modern educational methods to develop students' knowledge and skills. There are however many different models by which education can be delivered with a wealth of literature supporting varying approaches. This is of particular relevance to clinical education where to date no singular approach has been identified as being the most appropriate. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare and investigate the effect of a peer education method, a mentor-led education method versus a traditional faculty-led method for instruction regarding surgical wound care skills among nursing students. DESIGN: This study used an experimental three-group pre- and post-test design. SETTINGS: The research was conducted within two surgical wards of a university-affiliated hospital in the west of Iran. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 102 nursing students (first and second year) were assigned to three groups; peer-led learning group (n = 34), mentorship-led group (n = 34) or a faculty-led control group (n = 34). METHODS: To ascertain performance in surgical dressing skill, data was collected in each group before and after the respective educational intervention. Data was collected using a surgical dressing skills checklist made by the research team which was piloted prior to the study. All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v.22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). RESULTS: Based on findings, after the intervention, the mean (SD) scores of surgical dressing and wound care skills were 28.24 (4.63), 31.76 (4.89), and 29.12 (5.33) for the peer-led, mentor-led and faculty-led groups, respectively. There was no significant difference between mentor group and faculty group or between peer group and faculty group (P > 0.05). However, the findings did demonstrate statistical difference in performance in surgical dressings and wound care techniques in the mentorship group method compared to the peer method (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Although participants in the mentor group performed best of all groups, our findings demonstrate that those in the peer method group performed as well as those in the faculty-led group in surgical dressing performance. Therefore, it is recommended that peer and mentor learning methods are given consideration by curriculum planners in for use in the development of student nurse clinical skill and competence in surgical wound care.

Prevalence of Toxocara and Toxascaris infection among human and animals in Iran with meta-analysis approach.

BACKGROUND: Toxocariasis is a worldwide zoonotic parasitic disease caused by species of Toxocara and Toxascaris, common in dogs and cats. Herein, a meta-analysis was contrived to assess the prevalence of Toxocara/Toxascaris in carnivore and human hosts in different regions of Iran from April 1969 to June 2019. METHODS: The available online articles of English (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Ovid) and Persian (SID, Iran Medex, Magiran, and Iran Doc) databases and also the articles that presented in held parasitology congresses of Iran were involved. RESULTS: The weighted prevalence of Toxocara/Toxascaris in dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) was 24.2% (95% CI: 18.0-31.0%) and 32.6% (95% CI: 22.6-43.4%), respectively. Also, pooled prevalence in jackal (Canis aureus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) was 23.3% (95% CI: 7.7-43.2%) and 69.4% (95% CI: 60.3-77.8%), correspondingly. Weighted mean prevalence of human cases with overall 28 records was 9.3% (95% CI: 6.3-13.1%). The weighted prevalence of Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, and Toxascaris leonina was represented as 13.8% (95% CI: 9.8-18.3%), 28.5% (95% CI: 20-37.7%) and 14.3% (95% CI: 8.1-22.0%), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis results illustrate a considerable prevalence rate of Toxocara/Toxascaris, particularly in cats and dogs of northern parts of Iran. The presence of suitable animal hosts, optimum climate and close contact of humans and animals would have been the reason for higher seroprevalence rates of human cases in our region. Given the significance clinical outcomes of human Toxocara/Toxascaris, necessary measures should be taken.

Parasitic Infections of Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) in Iran: A Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Swine species are an important source of meat production worldwide, except in Islamic countries where pig breeding and pork consumption are forbidden. Hence, they are often neglected in these regions. A considerable number of wild boars (Sus scrofa) inhabit Iranian territories, particularly in dense forests of north, west and southwest of the country, but our knowledge regarding their parasites is very limited. OBJECTIVE: The lack of a comprehensive record in this connection encouraged us to review the whole works of literature in the country. METHODS: The current review presents all the information about the parasitic diseases of wild boar in Iran extracted from articles available in both Persian and English databases until June 2017. RESULTS: So far, 8 genera of protozoa (Toxoplasma, Balanthidium, Tritrichomonas, Blastocystis, Entamoeba, Iodamoeba, Chilomastix and Sarcocystis) and 20 helminth species, including four cestode species, two trematode species, thirteen nematode species as well as a single species of Acanthocephala have been described in Iranian wild boars. CONCLUSION: This review sheds light on the veterinary and public health aspects of the parasitic diseases of wild boars in the country and alerts authorities for future preventive measures.

The effectiveness of cognitive training on improving cognitive function and sleep quality in community-dwelling elderly in Iran.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Given the ever-increasing of the older adults population and in order to achieve healthy and active ageing goals and improvement in the cognitive function and sleep quality in older adult, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of cognitive training program on improving cognitive function and ageing-related sleep quality in community-dwelling elderly in Iran, in 2018. METHODS: This was an experimental study. The sample comprised 420 older adults who were a member of the comprehensive health center in one of the southern cities of Iran. 164 had a cognitive problem and sleep disorder, of whom 108 were selected by the available method and based on inclusion criteria. Participants were randomly allocated to an experimental group (n=54) and a control group (n=54). Experimental group samples were undergoing the intervention for two months. Data were collected using MMSE questionnaire, Pittsburgh sleep quality, insomnia severity index and Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR). Data were collected one month before-and-after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the mean score of cognitive function and sleep quality in both the intervention group and the control group before the intervention (p>0.05). At the post-test, the mean (SD) of elderly adults' cognitive function in the intervention and control groups were 2.7 (1.3) and 3.44 (1.7), respectively (p=0.017). Moreover, the mean (SD) of sleep quality in older adults in the intervention and the control group was 6.76 (2.3) and 9.25 (2.36), respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Given the obtained results in the current study the cognitive training promotes cognitive function and sleep quality in older adults. Therefore, since this program is effective, low-cost and applicable, it can be used to improve cognitive function and sleep disorder in the older adult population.

Environmental Related Risk Factors to Road Traffic Accidents in Ilam, Iran.

INTRODUCTION: Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are the most serious health issue in the world and the main cause of death after the first year of birth. Environmental factors are among the most important and effective aspects of RTIs occurrences and their human consequences. AIM: This study aimed to identify the environmental factors associated with road traffic accidents (RTAs) in Ilam province. METHODS: All crash data in Ilam province in 2012 were investigated. RTI's data was collected using COM 114 form which included some human, environmental and vehicle related factors. Through Chi-Square test and logistic regression model, the association between environmental factors and RTIs was examined. For all statistical analyses we used the package Stata 13.1. RESULTS: A total of 2314 traffic accidents were investigated. The highest 1659 (72.3%) and lowest 19 (0.83%) frequency of RTAs occurred during day and sunrise respectively. The majority of RTAs took place in July and September. The maximum number of RTAs was when the day was clear (91.7%) 2103 and the minimum when it was cloudy (3.5%) 81. A significant relationship was found between fatal RTAs and factors such as; the sort of the road, the hindered visibility, the location of the accident, the accidents' place, the climate, and lighting of the day (P<0.05). The adjusted chance of traffic accidents causing death or injuries in main streets was 9.7 times more than in highways; in sidetracks it was 3.54 times more. And when it was cloudy, the chance was 2.60 times more than when was clear (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Regarding the standards of road construction, development of the roads, and educating drivers how to adjust their driving behavior to the environment and road conditions could have a great role in decreasing RTAs causing death or injury.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrinopathy with unknown pathophysiology among women of reproductive age. Several studies have been conducted to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among PCOS patients. However, the results were contradictory. The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of MetS in PCOS patients using the related published data. METHOD: The present systematic review was perfumed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was done using MeSH keywords in databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, and Google scholar search engine as well as the reference list of the retrieved papers without time limit until October 2018. We used Cochran's Q test and I2 Index to evaluate the heterogeneity among the studies and the random effects model was used to combine the results. Data analysis was performed using Stata ver. 11.1. RESULTS: Forty six studies including 8946 patients with PCOS were included in the final analysis. Total heterogeneity was high (I2: 91.43%, P < 0.001). The prevalence of MetS in PCOS patients was estimated to be 30% (95%CI: 27-33). Subgroup analysis based on MetS diagnostic criteria showed an estimated prevalence of 0.27% (95%CI: 0.18-0.37), 0.30% (95%CI: 0.27-0.34), 0.32 (95%CI: 0.25-0.39), 0.32 (95%CI: 0.27-0.37) and 0.24 (95%CI: 0.14-0.34) for IDF, NECP-ATPIII, AHA NHLBI, CDS, and unknown criteria, respectively. CONCLUSION: Considering the prevalence of MetS in PCOS patients, diagnosis of MetS in PCOS patients is necessary to reduce the mortality and morbidity rates.

Correction: Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214738.].

The association between metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: One of the most frequently encountered endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Recent studies have reported varied prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in women with PCOS. The aim of this study is to determine if the women with PCOS are at a higher risk of MetS. METHOD: The present systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. To collect articles, we searched online databases of PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EBSCO and Google scholar search engine and the reference list of the retrieved articles using MeSH keywords of "metabolic syndrome", "woman" and "polycystic ovary syndrome" without time limit until October 2018. Cochran's Q test and I2 Index were used to evaluate the heterogeneity among studies and the random effects model was used for combining the results. Data analysis was performed in STATA software version 11.1. RESULT: Finally, 72 studies involving 10075 PCOS patients with an average age of 26.2 ±â€¯5.01 years were included in the meta-analysis. The heterogeneity rate was high (I2 = 76.5%; p < 0.001) and the pooled estimate of the association between MetS and PCOS was significant (OR = 2.57, 95% CI: 2.18-3.02; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: According to the results, there is higher risk of MetS in women with PCOS. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment of MetS in women with PCOS may have a significant impact on this patients health and reduce the rate of mortality and morbidity.

Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common neurological disorders and is one of the main causes of disability. The prevalence and incidence of MS in Iran is reported to range from 5.3 to 89/ 100,000and 7 to 148.1/ 100,000, respectively. There are no systematic and meta-analysis studies on MS in Iran. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and incidence of MS in Iran using meta-analysis. METHOD: A systematic review of the present study focused on MS epidemiology in Iran based on PRISMA guidelines for systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched eight international databases including Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Google Scholar search engine and six Persian databases for peer-reviewed studies published without time limit until May 2018. Data were analyzed using Comprehensive meta-analysis ver. 2 software. The review protocol has been registered in PROSPERO with ID: CRD42018114491. RESULTS: According to searching on different databases, 39 (15%) articles finalized. The prevalence of MS in Iran was estimated 29.3/ 100,000 (95%CI: 25.6-33.5) based on random effects model. The prevalence of MS in men and women was estimated to be 16.5/ 100,000 (95%CI: 13.7-23.4) and 44.8/ 100,000 (95%CI: 36.3-61.6), respectively. The incidence of MS in Iran was estimated to be 3.4/ 100,000 (95%CI: 1.8-6.2) based on random effects model. The incidence of MS in men was estimated to be 16.5/ 100,000 (95%CI: 13.7-23.4) and the incidence of MS in women was 44.8/ 100,000 (95%CI: 36.3-61.6). The meta-regression model for prevalence and incidence of MS was significantly higher in terms of year of study (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study can provide a general picture of MS epidemiology in Iran. The current meta-analysis showed that the prevalence and incidence of MS in Iran is high and is rising over time.

Workplace Violence Against Iranian Nurses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Nurses are exposed to workplace violence more than other healthcare professionals. This study aims to examine the prevalence of different types of workplace violence against Iranian nurses. A systematic review and meta-analysis were designed according to the PRISMA statement. To avoid bias, all stages of the research were done independently by two researchers. Eligible studies were retrieved from comprehensive search of several electronic databases included Magiran, Barakat Knowledge Network System, IranDoc, Regional Information Center for Science and Technology (RICST), Scientific Information Database (SID), Iranian National Library, PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Science Direct, ISI Web of Knowledge, CINAHL, and Google Scholar until April 2017. A random effects model was applied to combine studies. Data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software version 2. In 26 studies, 10,858 nurses entered the meta-analysis process. The mean age and work experience of the nurses were 33.5 ± 7.5 and 10.85 ± 10.1 years, respectively. The prevalence of workplace verbal, physical, sexist, and racist violence and threat against Iranian nurses was 80.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] [74.2, 86.0]), 24.8% (95% CI [17.4, 34.0]), 6.7% (95% CI [4.9, 9.2]), 14.6% (95% CI [10.1, 20.7]), and 44% (95% CI [30.1, 58.8]), respectively. The prevalence of verbal and physical violence against the emergency department nurses was 89.7% (95% CI [69.4, 97.1]) and 21.0% (95% CI [12.6, 32.9]), respectively. The highest prevalence of verbal, physical, sexist, and racist violence was from patient's relative (42.3%, 95% CI [30.7, 54.7]), patients (12.6%, 95% CI [5.9, 25.0]), healthcare workers (5.1%, 95% CI [2.4, 10.4]), and patients (2.3%, 95% CI [0.9, 5.4]), respectively. Given the high prevalence of violence against the nurses in Iran, it is highly necessary to take certain intervention measures and design new policies.

The association between Borna Disease Virus and schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Schizophrenia is a disabling psychiatric disorder. The role of Borna Disease Virus (BDV) in the etiology of schizophrenia has been suggested by several studies. However, the existence of such association remained controversial. The present meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate this association. METHOD: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA). Online databases including Scopus, PubMed, Science direct, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Google scholar search engine were searched until January 15, 2017. The heterogeneity of the studies was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and I2 statistic. Finally, random effects model was used for combining the results using Stata software version 11.1. RESULT: Overall, 30 studies containing 2533 cases and 4004 controls were included in the meta-analysis. The combined odds ratio (OR) for the relationship between BDV and schizophrenia was estimated to be 2.72 (95%CI: 1.75-4.20). This association based on RT-PCR, WB, IFA, EIA, RLA, ECLIA methods was estimated to be 3.83 (95%CI: 1.59-9.20), 4.99 (95%CI: 1.80-13.85), 1.27 (95%CI: 0.23-7.12), 2.26 (95%CI: 0.48-10.64), 1.67 (95%CI: 0.50-5.56) and 2.88 (95%CI: 1.38-6.01), respectively. Subgroup analysis according to WBC, serum and plasma samples was estimated to be 3.31 (95%CI: 1.19-9.25), 2.21 (95% CI: 1.17-4.17), 2.21 (95%CI: 1.03-4.73) and 7.89 (95%CI: 1.75-35.53), respectively. CONCLUSION: The results indicated the role of BDV in the etiology of schizophrenia.