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1.
Can Med Educ J ; 13(3): 84-90, 2022 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35875452

RESUMO

Background: Diverse strategies are employed globally to integrate medical curricula. Nevertheless, a gap exists in assessing the role of medical instructors in meaningful integration. We developed and used a tool to explore the current level of integration, score medical instructors' individual practices for integration, and investigate contextual elements minimizing integration. Methodology: This cross-sectional study, conducted in September-November-2020, used convenience-sampling. The study participants were basic-sciences and clinical instructors at two private-sector medical colleges in Karachi-Pakistan (with a response rate of 53.5%, n = 107). We validated a paper-based questionnaire through a pilot study on five participants. This tool with 11 close-ended questions on a 5-point Likert scale generated instructors' integration scores, and six open-ended questions probed instructors' perspectives. Results: The mean integration score was 37.4±6.7. Participants' perspectives indicated a need for participation of clinical faculty in teaching initial undergraduate years, involving lecturers in curriculum meetings, and integration of assessment. The questionnaire Cronbach-alpha was 0.732 with satisfactory principal-component-analysis. Conclusion: Medical instructors facilitated integration mainly through concurrent timetabling of similar topics. Moreover, formal consultation through committee meetings, with discipline-based and integrated approaches complementing each other, were in practice to achieve curricular goals.


Contexte: Diverses stratégies sont employées dans le monde pour intégrer le contenu des programmes d'études médicales. Toutefois, le rôle des enseignants dans la mise en place d'une intégration de contenu efficace n'a jamais été évalué. Nous avons créé et utilisé un outil pour explorer le niveau actuel d'intégration du contenu, pour évaluer les pratiques individuelles des enseignants en matière d'intégration et pour examiner les éléments contextuels qui minimise son intégration. Méthodologie: Cette étude transversale, menée en septembre et en novembre 2020, a utilisé un échantillonnage de convenance. Les participants à l'étude étaient des enseignants en sciences fondamentales et cliniques de deux facultés de médecine privée à Karachi, au Pakistan (avec un taux de réponse de 53,5 %, n = 107). Nous avons validé un questionnaire papier par le biais d'une étude pilote auprès de cinq participants. Onze questions fermées sur une échelle de Likert à 5 points ont permis de calculer les scores bruts des enseignants pour leurs pratiques en matière d'intégration de contenu, et six questions ouvertes ont permis de sonder leurs opinions. Résultats: Le score moyen d'intégration était de 37,4±6,7. D'après les opinions exprimées, il est nécessaire d'inviter des cliniciens à enseigner dans les premières années de la formation prédoctorale, de faire participer le corps professoral dans les réunions du programme d'études afin de mettre en place une évaluation intégrée. Le coefficient alpha de Cronbach du questionnaire était de 0,732 et l'analyse des composantes principales était satisfaisante. Conclusion: Les enseignants en médecine ont facilité l'intégration principalement par la coordination d'horaires pour pouvoir aborder simultanément des sujets similaires. En outre, une consultation formelle par le biais de réunions de comité ainsi que la complémentarité de l'approche disciplinaire et intégrée ont été mises en œuvre pour atteindre les objectifs du programme d'études.

3.
Toxics ; 11(1)2022 Dec 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36668729

RESUMO

Microplastic pollution is becoming an increasingly severe environmental problem. As compared to the marine ecosystem, freshwater ecosystems at high-altitude, remote regions are less studied and lag far behind. Thus, the present study aims to highlight this issue and fill the gap in this regard. The presence of microplastics (MPs) in the surface water and the gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) of brown trout (Salmo trutta) from Lake Mahodand, Kalam Swat, Pakistan, at a high altitude of 2865 m above sea level was investigated. For microplastic extraction, samples were digested with H2O2, NaCl solution was added for density separation, and then samples were filtered with a cellulose nitrate filter (pore size 0.45 µ). After this, visual observation and polymer detection with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, microplastics were characterized by their shapes, sizes, colors, and polymer types. In the surface water sample, MP particles were found in the range of 0−5 MPs/L, where the mean concentration of MPs was 2.3 ± 1.52 MPs/L and 1.7 ± 1.05 MPs/gastrointestinal tract (GIT) isolated from the GIT of brown trout. Particles of relatively larger size (500−300 µm) were more abundant than other ranges of particles (300−150 and 150−50 µm) in the surface water and fish samples. The fiber was the most abundant shape of MP particles, followed by sheets and fragments in surface water and fish samples (fibers > sheets > fragments). Four types of polymer viz. low-density polyethylene (LDPE) (44.4%), polypropylene homopolymer (PPH) (19.4%), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (30.5%), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) (5.5%) were detected by FTIR spectroscopy. The findings of the present study showed that MPs reached into higher altitudes in remote areas due to tourism activities.

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