Variables related to behavioral and emotional problems and gender typed behaviors in female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

We investigated the effects of type of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), treatment, endocrinological, surgical, and socio-demographic factors as well as patients' body perception on the gender-typed play and behavioral and emotional problems in female children with CAH. The sample included 28 females with CAH (mean age: 12.6 years). We compared patients with CAH to 28 age-matched patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 28 healthy controls. Patients with CAH had significantly higher externalization and total problems scores and were less interested in typically female behaviors. The behavioral and emotional problems in patients with CAH were associated with patient satisfaction with the appearance of their genitalia, the surgeons' assessment of the success of the surgical procedures, and mean testosterone level. Our results showed the severity of the behavioral and emotional problems was associated with severity of androgenization, patients' perception of their genitalia and the surgical outcome.

The correlation between headache and refractive errors.

PURPOSE: To compare the prevalence of refractive errors in patients with headache and a control population. METHODS: Three hundred ten patients with headache and 843 controls were retrospectively evaluated. Complete ophthalmologic examination was performed in the headache group. Autorefraction was performed in all participants (with cycloplegia under 10 years of age). Myopia was defined as the spherical equivalent refraction of at least -0.50 D, hyperopia as the spherical equivalent refraction of at least +2.0 D, and astigmatism as the cylinder of at least 1.0 D. Main outcome measures were refractive error, anisometropia, and previous miscorrection of refractive error. Chi-square and Student's t-tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Total prevalence of refractive errors was higher in the headache group (p = 0.002). The rate of astigmatism was higher in the headache group (p < 0.0001), while that of myopia and hyperopia were similar in both groups (p = 0.74, p = 0.79, respectively). The rates of compound and mixed astigmatism were higher in the headache group (p = 0.026, p < 0.001, respectively). The rates of anisometropia and previous miscorrection of refractive error were higher in the headache group (p < 0.0001 for both). Children with headache have a statistically significant increased risk of total refractive errors (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.18-2.07), anisometropia (OR = 9.59, 95% CI: 5.72-16.1), and miscorrection of refractive error (OR = 9.57, 95% CI: 5.43-16.9). CONCLUSIONS: Compound and mixed types of astigmatism, anisometropia, and miscorrection of refractive error were found more often in patients with headache than in control subjects.