Hyaluronan induces odontoblastic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells via CD44.

BACKGROUND: Dental pulp tissue contains many undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, which retain the ability to differentiate into mature cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells have been developed from various cell sources, including dental pulp-derived stem cells, and evaluated for potential application to regenerative therapy. Dental pulp tissues overexpress CD44, a cell-adhesion factor involved in the induction of mineralization. In this study, we investigated the effects of hyaluronan-a known CD44 ligand-on dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). METHODS: DPSC CD44 expression was analyzed using immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, and western blotting. Cell proliferation was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Effects of hyaluronan on the cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry. Alkaline phosphatase activity was employed as marker of mineralization and measured by fluorometric quantification and western blotting. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, BMP-4, dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), and dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP-1) levels were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Odontoblastic differentiation and the close cell signaling examination of DPSC differentiation were determined using western blotting. RESULTS: Hyaluronan induced expression of the odontoblastic differentiation markers DMP-1 and DSPP. Moreover, the odontoblastic differentiation induced by hyaluronan was mediated by CD44-but not by Akt, Smad1 or MAPK signaling. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that hyaluronan induces odontoblastic differentiation of DPSCs via CD44. This suggests that hyaluronan plays a crucial role in the induction of odontoblastic differentiation from DPSCs. Our findings may aid the development of new, inexpensive, and effective conservative treatments for dental pulp repair.

Tumor-specific cytotoxicity and type of cell death induced by naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-diones and related compounds in human tumor cell lines: relationship to electronic structure.

A total of thirty-nine naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-diones and related compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity against three human normal oral cells (gingival fibroblast, HGF, pulp cell, HPC, periodontal ligament fibroblast, HPLF) and four human tumor cell lines (oral squamous cell carcinoma HSC-2, HSC-3, HSC-4, promyelocytic leukemia HL-60). 2-Acetylnaphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione [1] was highly cytotoxic to both normal and tumor cells, yielding low tumor-specificity. 2-Acetyl-4,9-dimethoxynaphtho[2,3-b]furan [4], the 2-(3-furanoyl) benzoic acids [5, 6] and the 1,4-naphthoquinones [7, 8] showed much reduced cytototoxicity and low tumor-specificity. The introduction of phenoxy [18], isopropylamino [23] or 2-methylpiperidino [33] groups to the 2-position of naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione yielded compounds that showed the greatest tumor-specificity. These compounds, at twice or four times higher concentrations than CC50, induced the activation of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 in the HSC-2 and HL-60 cells, but not so apparently in the HSC-4 cells. However, they did not induce internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in the HSC-2 and HSC-4 cells even after 24 hours incubation and only slightly induced DNA fragmentation in the HL-60 cells. Compound [18] induced the production of annexin-positive cells, but did not induce microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) accumulation in autophagosomes in LC3-green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transfected HSC-2 cells. These data suggested that naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-diones may induce the early apoptotic marker, without induction of caspase activation and DNA fragmentation in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis suggests the applicability of the theoretical calculations such as frontier molecular orbital, dipole moments and hydrophobicity in predicting their cytotoxic activity.

Antiviral, antibacterial and vitamin C-synergized radical-scavenging activity of Sasa senanensis Rehder extract.

Sasa senanensis Rehder extract (SE) showed slightly higher cytotoxicity against human squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and human glioblastoma cell lines, as compared with human oral normal cells (gingival fibroblast, pulp cell, periodontal ligament fibroblast), and was more cytotoxic to human myelogenous and T-cell leukemia cell lines. SE showed a bacteriostatic effect on Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia, but almost completely eliminated hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) produced by these bacteria. SE protected human T-cell leukemia MT-4 cells from the cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and its anti-HIV activity was much higher than that of tannins and flavonoids, comparable with that of natural and synthetic lignins. SE also protected the MDCK cells from the cytopathic effect of influenza virus infection. SE synergistically enhanced the superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity of vitamin C. The present study suggests the functionality of SE as a complementary alternative medicine.

Tumor-specific cytotoxicity and type of cell death induced by peplomycin in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines.

The antitumor antibiotic peplomycin showed higher cytostatic antiproliferative effect on five cultured human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines (HSC-2, HSC-3, HSC-4, Ca9-22 and NA), as compared with three human oral normal cells (gingival fibroblast HGF, pulp cell HPC and periodontal ligament fibroblast HPLF). Although the antiproliferative activity of peplomycin declined with increasing cell density, peplomycin showed tumor-specific cytotoxicity at any cell density. The five OSCC cell lines showed considerable differences in sensitivity against peplomycin; the HSC-2 cells were the most sensitive, followed by the NA, HSC-3, Ca9-22 and HSC-4 cells. Peplomycin did not induce internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in any of the five OSCC cell lines, and only slightly modified caspase-3, -8 and -9 activities in the HSC-2, Ca9-22 and NA cell lines. Electron microscopy revealed that peplomycin induced the vacuolation of mitochondria accompanying electron lucent matrices lacking cristae and the enlargement of the endoplasmic reticulum in the HSC-2 cells. These data suggest that the anti-proliferative effect of peplomycin is time-dependent, and therefore prolonged treatment with peplomycin in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents may induce greater cytotoxic action.

Tumor-specific cytotoxicity and type of cell death induced by benzocycloheptoxazines in human tumor cell lines.

Twenty-six benzocycloheptoxazine derivatives were investigated for their tumor-specific cytotoxicity and apoptosis-inducing activity against three human normal cells (gingival fibroblast HGF, pulp cell HPC, periodontal ligament fibroblast HPLF) and four human tumor cell lines (squamous cell carcinoma HSC-2, HSC-3, HSC-4, promyelocytic leukemia HL-60). Benzo[b]cyclohepta[e][1,4]thiazine [1] exhibited very weak cytotoxicity, whereas its 6,8,10-tribromo derivative [3] exhibited higher cytotoxicity and tumor specificity (TS = 5.6). 6H-Benzo[b]cyclohepta[e][1,4]diazine [4] and its cation [5] exhibited no tumor specificity. Among eighteen benzo[b]cyclohepta[e][1,4]oxazine derivatives [6-23], 6,8,10-triboromo- [9], 6-bromo-2-methyl- [20], and 6-bromo-2-chloro- [21] derivatives showed the highest tumor-specific cytotoxicity (TS = 12.5, 9.1 and 11.5, respectively). 14H-[1,4]Benzoxazino[3',2':3,4]cyclohepta[1, 2-b][1,4]benzoxazine [24] and its 7-bromo- [25] and 7-isopropyl- [26] derivatives had much lower cytotoxicity and tumor-specificity. Compounds [9, 20, 21] at 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and caspase activation in HL-60 cells. On the other hand, these compounds induced apoptosis only at concentrations higher than CC50 in HSC-2 cells and failed to induce apoptosis in HSC-4 cells. Compounds [9, 20, 21] induced the formation of acidic organelles as measured by acridine orange staining. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the induction of moderate enlargement of mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membrane, and the vacuolation of the endoplasmic reticulum and the presence of a number of lamellar body-like organelles. These results indicate the diversity of the type of cell death induced by benzocycloheptoxazine derivatives in human tumor cell lines.

Tumor-specificity and type of cell death induced by vitamin K2 derivatives and prenylalcohols.

Fourteen vitamin K2 (menaquinone (MK)-n, n = 1-14) and ten prenylalcohol derivatives (n = 1-10) with different numbers (n) of isoprenyl groups in the side chains were investigated for their cytotoxicity against nine human tumor cell lines and three human normal oral cells. Among the vitamin K2 derivatives, MK-2 (n = 2) showed the greatest cytotoxicity, followed by MK-1 (n = 1) and MK-3 (n = 3). MK-1, MK-2 and MK-3 showed the highest tumor-specific index (TS= > 2.0, 2.0 and > 1.7, respectively). Among the prenylalcohols, geranylgeraniol (GG) (n = 4) showed the highest cytotoxicity, followed by farnesol (n = 3) and geranylfarnesol (GF) (n = 3). GG showed the highest tumor-specificity (TS = 1.8), followed by farnesol (TS = > 1.4), GF (TS= > < 1.3). However, the tumor-specificity of MK-2 and GG was much lower than that of conventional chemotherapeutic agents. The human leukemic cell lines were the most sensitive, whereas the human glioblastoma cell lines were the most resistant to MK-2 and GG. MK-2 did not induce internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in either the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 or the human squamous cell carcinoma HSC-4 cell lines. GG induced marginal internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in the HL-60 cells, but not in the HSC-4 cells. Both MK-2 and GG did not induce the formation of autophagosomes, nor did they clearly change the intracellular concentration of three polyamines. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy showed that only MK-1 (n = 1), as well as GGF (n = 7) and GFF (n = 8) which had lower cytotoxicity, produced radicals, suggesting the lack of connection between cytotoxicity and radical production. The present study demonstrates that the presence of 1,4-naphtoquinone structure (including alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones) in vitamin K2 derivatives confers on them the ability to induce non-apoptotic cell death.

Tumor-specific cytotoxicity and type of cell death induced by beta-cyclodextrin benzaldehyde inclusion compound.

The cytotoxicity of beta-cyclodextrin benzaldehyde inclusion compound (CDBA) against human normal and cancer cell lines was investigated. CDBA showed slightly higher cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines, as compared to normal cells, with a tumor-specificity index of 2.2. Human myelogenous leukemia cell lines (HL-60, ML-1, KG-1) were the most sensitive to CDBA, followed by human oral squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-2, HSC-3, HSC-4) and human glioblastoma (T98G, U87MG). Human normal cells (gingival fibroblasts, pulp cells, periodontal ligament fibroblasts) were the most resistant. CDBA induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in HL-60 cells and caspase-3, -8, -9 activation, but to a much lesser extent than that attained by UV irradiation or actinomycin D. On the other hand, CDBA did not induce DNA fragmentation, nor caspase activation in HSC-2, HSC-4 or T98G cells. Electron microscopy demonstrated that CDBA induced the destruction of mitochondrial structure and digestion of broken organelles by secondary lysosomes in all of these cells. CDBA also increased the number of acidic organelles as judged by acridine orange staining. The present study suggests that CDBA induces autophagic cell death in cancer cell lines.

Tumor-specificity and type of cell death induced by trihaloacetylazulenes in human tumor cell lines.

Twenty trihaloacetylazulene derivatives with one atom of fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine was investigated for their tumor-specific cytotoxicity and apoptosis-inducing activity against three human normal cells (gingival fibroblast, HGF; pulp cell, HPC; periodontal ligament fibroblast, HPLF) and four human tumor cell lines (squamous cell carcinoma, HSC-2, HSC-3, HSC-4; promyelocytic leukemia, HL-60). There was no apparent difference in the cytotoxic activity between 2-methoxyazulenes [1a-1e, 2a-2e] and 2-ethoxyazulenes [3a-3e, 4a-4e]. Trichloroacetylazulenes [2a-2e, 4a-4e] generally showed higher cytotoxicity and tumor-specificity (expressed as a TS value) as compared with the corresponding trifluoroacetylazulenes [1a-1e, 3a-3e]. Substitution of chloride [1c, 2c, 3c. 4c], bromide [1d, 2d, 3d, 4d] or iodine [1e, 2e, 3e, 4e] at the C-3 position further enhanced cytotoxic activity against four tumor cell lines, especially HL-60 cells. Among twenty trihaloacetylazulene derivatives, two compounds [2d] and [4c] showed the highest tumor specificity (TS = > 3.5 and > 2.5, respectively). Compounds [2d] and [4c] induced apoptotic cell death characterized by caspase-3, -8 and -9 activation and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in HL-60 cells. On the other hand, compounds [2d] and [4c] induced autophagic cell death characterized by lower activation of caspases, lack of DNA fragmentation, vacuolization and autophagosome formation detected by acridine orange and LC3-GFP fluorescence, without the decline of the intracellular concentration of three major polyamines in HSC-4 cells. The cytotoxic activity of [4c], but not [2d], was slightly reduced by 3-methyladenine, an inhibitor of autophagy. These results suggest the diversity of cell death type induced in human tumor cell lines by trihaloacetylazulene derivatives.

Tumor-specific cytotoxic activity and type of cell death induced by 4-trifluoromethylimidazoles in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines.

Fourteen 4-trifluoromethylimidazole derivatives were investigated for their cytotoxicity against three human normal cells (gingival fibroblast HGF, pulp cell HPC and periodontal ligament fibroblast HPLF) and four human tumor cell lines (oral squamous cell carcinoma HSC-2, HSC-3, HSC-4 and promyelocytic leukemia HL-60). Among these compounds, 4-trifluoromethyl-1,2-diphenylimidazole (IM5), 1-benzyl-4-trifluoromethyl-2-phenylimidazole (IM7) and 5-[1-ethoxy-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl) ethyl]-1-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole (IM12) showed much higher cytotoxicity and tumor-specificity than the other compounds. IM5, the most potent compound, induced different types of cell death depending on the target cells. IM5 induced DNA fragmentation of oligonucleosomal units (a biochemical hallmark of apoptosis) in the HL-60 cells, but not in such a clear-cut laddering pattern in the HSC-2 cells. On the other hand, IM5 produced secondary lysosomes digesting broken organelles, without induction of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and disappearance of cell surface microvilli in the HSC-4 cells, even though the HSC-2 and HSC-4 cells showed comparable sensitivity to IM5. These data suggest that the type of cell death is determined by the type of target cells, but not by the drug-sensitivity of the cells.

Induction of non-apoptotic cell death by morphinone in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells.

As previously suggested, codeinone (oxidation product of codeine) induces non-apoptotic cell death, characterized by marginal caspase activation and the lack of DNA fragmentation in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells, which was inhibited by N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Whether, morphinone, an oxidative metabolite of morphine, also induced a similar type of cell death in HL-60 cells was investigated. Morphinone showed slightly higher cytotoxic activity against human tumor cell lines (oral squamous cell carcinoma HSC-2, HSC-3, HSC-4, NA, Ca9-22, promyelocytic leukemia HL-60, cervical carcinoma HeLa) than against normal oral human cells (gingival fibroblast HGF, pulp cells HPC, periodontal ligament fibroblast HPLF). Morphinone also induced an almost undetectable level of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in the HL-60 cells. Morphinone did not activate caspase-8 or -9 in these cells. Morphinone dose-dependently activated caspase-3 in both HL-60 and HSC-2 cell lines, but to a much lesser extent than actinomycin D. Electron microscopy demonstrated that morphinone induced mitochondrial shrinkage, vacuolization and production of autophagosome and the loss of cell surface microvilli, without destruction of cell surface and nuclear membranes in the HL-60 cells. The autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (0.3-10 mM) slightly inhibited the morphinone-induced cytotoxicity, when corrected for its own cytotoxicity. These data suggest that morphinone induces non-apoptotic cell death in HL-60 cells.

Re-evaluation of tumor-specific cytotoxicity of mitomycin C, bleomycin and peplomycin.

Three antitumor antibiotics, mitomycin C, bleomycin sulfate and peplomycin sulfate, were compared for their tumor-specific cytotoxicity, using human oral squamous cell lines (HSC-2, HSC-3, HSC-4, Ca9-22 and NA), human promyelocytic leukemic cell line HL-60 and human normal oral cell types (gingival fibroblast HGF, pulp cell HPC and periodontal ligament fibroblast HPLF). Among these three compounds, mitomycin C showed the highest tumor-specificity, due to its higher cytotoxic activity against human oral tumor cell lines than bleomycin and peplomycin. However, there was considerable variation of drug sensitivity among the six tumor cell lines. Mitomycin C induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and caspase-3, -8 and -9 activation in HL-60 cells only after 24 h. On the other hand, mitomycin C induced no clear-cut DNA fragmentation in HCS-2 cells, although it activated caspase-3, -8 and -9 to a slightly higher extent. Western blot analysis demonstrated that mitomycin C did not induce any apparent change in the intracellular concentration of anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) and pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bad). Electron microscopy of mitomycin C-treated HL-60 cells showed intact mitochondria (as regards to integrity and size) and cell surface microvilli, without production of an apoptotic body or autophagosome, at an early stage after treatment. The present study suggests the incomplete induction of apoptosis or the induction of another type of cell death by mitomycin C treatment.

Apoptosis-inducing activity of trihaloacetylazulenes against human oral tumor cell lines.

Twenty-six trihaloacetylazulene derivatives were investigated for their tumor-specific cytotoxicity and apoptosis-inducing activity against three human normal cells (HGF, HPC, HPLF) and four human tumor cell lines (HSC-2, HSC-3, HSC-4, HL-60). The trichloroacetylazulenes [1b-13b] generally showed higher cytotoxicity as compared to the corresponding trifluoroacetylazulenes [1a-13a]. The trichloroacetylazulenes [1b-13b] also showed higher tumor-specific cytotoxicity (expressed as TS value) than the corresponding trifluoroacetylazulenes [1a-13a]. Especially, 2,3-dimethyl-1-trichloroacetylazulene [5b] and 1,3-ditrichloroacetyl-4,6,8-trimethylazulene [11b] showed the highest cytotoxicity and tumor specificity (TS > 35.6 and > 44.1, respectively). These compounds induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in HL-60 cells, but not in HSC-2 and HSC-3 cells, but activated caspase-3, -8 and -9 in all of these cells, suggesting the activation of both mitochondria-independent (extrinsic) and dependent (intrinsic) pathways. Western blot analysis showed that two compounds [5b, 11b] slightly increased the intracellular concentration of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bad, Bax) in HSC-2 cells. None of the 26 compounds showed anti-HIV activity. These results suggest [5b] and [11b] as possible candidates for future cancer chemotherapy.

Tumor-specific cytotoxicity of 3,5-dibenzoyl-1,4-dihydropyridines.

In search of compounds which show tumor-specific cytotoxic activity, two 3,5-dibenzoyl-1, 4-dihydropyridines (GB5, GB12) were found to show one or two orders higher cytotoxic activity against human tumor cell lines (squamous cell carcinoma HSC-2, HSC-3, submandibular gland carcinoma HSG, promyelocytic leukemia HL-60) than human normal cells (gingival fibroblast HGF, pulp cells HPC, periodontal ligament fibroblasts HPLF). GB5 and GB12 weakly induced several apoptosis-associated properties, such as internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, and activation of caspases -3, -8 and -9, in both HL-60 and HSC-2 cells. Western blot analysis showed that GB5 and GB12 transiently increased the expression of both anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) and proapoptotic proteins (Bax and Bad) in HL-60 cells. ESR spectroscopy showed these compounds did not produce any detectable amount of radicals, nor scavenged superoxide (generated by hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction) or nitric oxide (generated by 1-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-(N-3-methyl-3-aminopropyl)-3-methyl-1-triazene), suggesting that the induction of cytotoxic action is not via a radical-mediated reaction. The present study suggests that GB5 and GB12 may induce non-apoptotic cell death in tumor cell lines.

Tumor-specificity and apoptosis-inducing activity of stilbenes and flavonoids.

A total of eleven stilbenes [1-6] and flavonoids [7-11] were investigated for their tumor- specific cytotoxicity and apoptosis-inducing activity, using four human tumor cell lines (squamous cell carcinoma HSC-2, HSC-3, submandibular gland carcinoma HSG and promyelocytic leukemia HL-60) and three normal human oral cells (gingival fibroblast HGF, pulp cell HPC, periodontal ligament fibroblast HPLF). All of the compounds, especially sophorastilbene A [1], (+)-alpha-viniferin [2], piceatannol [5], quercetin [9] and isoliquiritigenin [10], showed higher cytotoxicity against the tumor cell lines than normal cells, yielding tumor-specific indices of 3.6, 4.7, >3.5, >3.3 and 4.0, respectively. Among the seven cell lines, HSC-2 and HL-60 cells were the most sensitive to the cytotoxic action of these compounds. Sophorastilbene A [1], piceatannol [5], quercetin [9] and isoliquiritigenin [10] induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and activation of caspases -3, -8 and -9 dose-dependently in HL-60 cells. (+)-alpha-Viniferin [2] showed similar activity, but only at higher concentrations. All the compounds failed to induce DNA fragmentation and activated caspases to much lesser extents in HSC-2 cells. Western blot analysis showed that sophorastilbene A [1], piceatannol [5] and quercetin [9] did not induce any consistent changes in the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bad) and antiapoptotic protein (Bcl-2) in HL-60 and HSC-2 cells. An undetectable expression of Bcl-2 protein in control and drug-treated HSC-2 cells may explain the relatively higher sensitivity of this cell line to stilbenes and flavonoids.

Changes in fluoride sensitivity during in vitro senescence of normal human oral cells.

We have previously reported that sodium fluoride (NaF) showed slightly higher cytotoxicity against human oral tumor cell lines than normal human oral cells. Possible changes in the NaF sensitivity of three normal human oral cell types (gingival fibroblast HGF, pulp cell HPC, periodontal ligament fibroblast HPLF) during in vitro ageing were investigated in the present study. When these cells were subcultured at 1:4 split ratio every week, their saturation density declined with increasing population doubling level (PDL), and they ceased to divide when they reached 20 PDL. Mitochondrial function, evaluated by MTT stainability per cell basis, was elevated at the terminal phase. NaF dose-dependently reduced the viable cell number, but did not show any beneficial (growth promoting) effect (so-called "hormesis") at lower concentrations. NaF produced large DNA fragments, without induction of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, possibly due to weak activation of caspases -3, -8 and -9. Higher concentrations of NaF were required to reduce the number of viable senescent cells than younger cells, indicating that cells become resistant to cytotoxicity of NaF with in vitro ageing.

Induction of tumor-specific cytotoxicity and apoptosis by doxorubicin.

Doxorubicin (adriamycin), an anthracycline antibiotic, showed higher cytotoxic activity against human tumor cell lines (oral squamous cell carcinoma HSC-2, HSC-3, submandibular gland carcinoma HSG, promyelocytic leukemia HL-60) than against normal human cells (gingival fibroblast HGF, pulp cell HPC, periodontal ligament fibroblast HPLF). Doxorubicin activated caspases 3, 8 and 9 in both HSC-2 and HL-60 cells, but induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation only in HL-60 cells. Western blot analysis showed that doxorubicin did not significantly change the intracellular concentration of Bcl-2, Bax and Bad in HL-60 cells. Real-time PCR analysis showed that HPC cells expressed the highest amount of mdr1 mRNA, followed by HSC-2 > HGF > HSC-3 > HPLF > HSG > HL-60. ESR spectroscopy showed that doxorubicin produced no discernible radical under alkaline conditions (pH 7.4 to 10.5) except at pH 12.5, and it did not scavenge O2-, NO and DPPH radicals. The present study demonstrates that doxorubicin induces the tumor-specific cytotoxicity and some, but not all, apoptosis markers possibly by a radical-independent mechanism, and that mdr1 expression in the tumor cells is not related to the tumor specificity of doxorubicin.

Cytotoxic activity of azulenequinones against human oral tumor cell lines.

We investigated twenty-seven azulenequinone derivatives for their relative cytotoxicity against three human normal cell lines (HGF, HPC, HPLF) and four human tumor cell lines (HSG, HSC-2, HSC-3, HL-60). Parent 1,5-azulenequinone showed potent and some tumor-specific cytotoxicity. Halogenated derivatives of 1,5- and 1,7-azulenequinone showed potent cytotoxicity, but lower tumor-specific cytotoxicity. In contrast to other azulenequinones, amino derivatives such as 3-amino-1,5- and 1, 7-azulenequinones showed relatively lower cytotoxic activity. The 3-Phenoxy-1,5-azuleneqinone derivative showed higher cytotoxicity than the 3-phenoxy-1, 7-azulenequinone derivative. 1,5- and 1,7-Azulenequinones generally showed higher cytotoxicity, as compared with tropolones and azulene derivatives. 3- (3-Guaiazulenyl)-1, 5-azulenequinone [12] and 7-isopropyl-3- (4-methylanilino)-2-methyl- 1, 5-azulenequinone [24] showed a relatively higher TS value and induced apoptosis (internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, activation of caspases 3, 8 and 9) in HL-60 and HSC-2 cells, possibly via the activation of both mitochondria-independent (extrinsic) and -dependent (intrinsic) pathways. Western blot analysis showed that [24] slightly increased the intracellular concentration of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bad, Bax) in HSC-2 cells, whereas [12] was much less active. None of the twenty-seven azulenequinones showed anti-HIV activity. These results suggest [12] and [24] as possible candidates for future cancer chemotherapy.

Cytotoxic activity of styrylchromones against human tumor cell lines.

A total of 6 newly-synthesized styrylchromones (SC-1 approximately SC-6) were compared for their cytotoxic activity against three normal oral human cells (gingival fibroblast HGF, pulp cell HPC, periodontal ligament fibroblast HPLF) and four human tumor cell lines (squamous cell carcinoma HSC-2, HSC-3, submandibular gland carcinoma HSG, promyelocytic leukemia HL-60). All compounds showed higher cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines than against normal cells. Among the 6 compounds, SC-3, SC-4 and SC-5, which have one to three methoxy groups, showed higher tumor specificity and water solubility. The cytotoxic activity of SC-3 and SC-5 was slightly reduced by a lower concentration of NADH, a quinone reductase, but that of SC-3 was enhanced by higher concentrations of NADH, possibly due to demethylation of the methoxy groups. Agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated that SC-3 and SC-5 induced intemucleosomal DNA fragmentation in HL-60 cells and production of large DNA fragment in HSC-2 cells. Both SC-3 and SC-5 enhanced the enzymatic activity to cleave the substrates for caspases 3, 8 and 9, suggesting the activation of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. ESR spectroscopy showed that these compounds produced no detectable amount of radical and did not scavenge superoxide anion generated by the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction. The highly tumor-specific cytotoxic action and apoptosis-inducing capability of SC-3 and SC-5 suggest their applicability for cancer chemotherapy.

Cytotoxicity and radical modulating activity of Moxa smoke.

The biological activities of Moxa, used as moxibustion, have not been well documented. We investigated here Moxa smoke for its tumor-specific cytotoxicity, anti-HIV activity, radical intensity and radical scavenging activity, in comparison with previously published data of Moxa extract. Moxa smoke showed slightly higher cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines (oral squamous cell carcinoma HSC-2, HSC-3, promyelocytic leukemia HL-60) than against normal oral cells (gingival fibroblast HGF, pulp cell HPC, periodontal ligament fibroblast HPLF), yielding a tumor specificity index of 1.29. Moxa smoke dose-dependently induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, activation of caspases 3, 8 and 9, and slightly modified the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2, Bad, Bax) in HL-60 cells, but to much lesser extents than attained by positive controls (UV irradiation, actinomycin D treatment). ESR spectroscopy showed that Moxa smoke generated semiquinone-type radicals under alkaline conditions, and scavenged O2(-), hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen and NO. All Moxa smoke preparations showed no apparent anti-HIV activity. These data demonstrate the antitumor potential of Moxa smoke.

Cytotoxicty and radical modulating activity of isoflavones and isoflavanones from Sophora species.

We investigated 2 isoflavones and 9 isoflavanones from Sophora species for their cytotoxic activity against 3 normal human cells (gingival fibroblast, pulp cell, periodontal ligament fibroblast) and 2 human tumor cell lines (squamous cell carcinoma HSC-2, submandibular gland carcinoma HSG). Compounds with 2 isoprenyl groups (one in A-ring and the other in B-ring) such as tetrapterol G [YS31] and isosophoranone [YS24], and those with alpha,alpha-dimethylallyl group at C-5' of B-ring [YS26 (secundifloran), YS27 (secundiflorol A), YS28 (secundiflorol D), YS29 (secundiflorol E)] showed relatively higher cytotoxic activity. When hydrophobicity was assessed by octanol-water partition coefficient (log P), the maximum cytotoxic activity was observed at a log P value around 4. Compounds with intermediate cytotoxic activity [YS27, genistein, YS28, YS29, YS30 (secundiflorol F)] showed relatively higher tumor specificity. All isoflavones and isoflavanones did not stimulate the nitric oxide (NO) production by mouse macrophage-like Raw 264.7 cells, but almost completely inhibited the NO production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated Raw 264.7 cells. ESR spectroscopy showed that YS26 and YS28, which are the most inhibitory for NO production, efficiently scavenged superoxide anion and NO radicals. These data suggest that the inhibition of macrophage NO production by these isoflavanones may, at least in part, be explained by their radical scavenging or reduction activity.