Examination of the reliability and readability of Chatbot Generative Pretrained Transformer's (ChatGPT) responses to questions about orthodontics and the evolution of these responses in an updated version.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess the reliability and readability of Chatbot Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT) responses to questions about orthodontics and the evolution of these responses in an updated version. METHODS: Frequently asked questions about orthodontics by laypeople on Web sites were determined using the Google Search Tool. These questions were asked to both ChatGPT's March 23 version and May 24 version on April 20, 2023, and July 12, 2023, respectively. Responses were assessed for readability and reliability using the Flesch-Kincaid and DISCERN tests. RESULTS: The mean DISCERN value for general questions was 2.96 ± 0.05, 3.04 ± 0.06, 2.38 ± 0.27, and 2.82 ± 0.31 for treatment-related questions; the mean Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease score for general questions was 29.28 ± 8.22, 25.12 ± 7.39, 47.67 ± 10.77, and 41.60 ± 9.54 for treatment-related questions; mean Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level for general questions was 14.52 ± 1.48 and 14.04 ± 1.25 and 11.90 ± 2.08 and 11.41 ± 1.88 for treatment-related questions; in first and second evaluations respectively (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In the second evaluation, the reliability of the answers given to general questions and treatment-related questions increased. However, in both evaluations, the reliability of the answers was found to be moderate according to the DISCERN tool. On the second evaluation, Flesch Reading Ease Scores for both general questions and treatment-related questions decreased, meaning that the readability of the new response texts became more difficult. Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level results were found at the college graduate level in the first and second evaluations for general questions and at the high school level in the first and second evaluations for treatment-related questions.

Myofunctional orofacial examination tests: a literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Myofunctional orofacial examination (MOE) is an important tool for the assessment of the stomatognathic system and orofacial functions, and the early diagnosis of orofacial myofunctional disorders. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to scan the literature and determine the most preferred test for myofunctional orofacial examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature review was conducted to collect information. Pubmed and ScienceDirect database was explored by using keywords gained by MeSH (Medical Subject Headings). RESULTS: Fifty-six studies were retrived from the search and all of the studies were screened and evaluated regarding the subject, aim, conclusions and the orofacial myofunctional examination test they used. It has been observed that traditional evaluation and inspection methods have been replaced by newer and methodological approaches in recent years. CONCLUSIONS: Although the few tests used differ, 'Orofacial Examination Test With Scores' (OMES) was found to be the most preferred myofunctional orofacial evaluation method from ENT to cardiology.

Comparison of the bond strength of five different composites used in the production of clear aligner attachments.

AIM: The aims of this study were to measure and compare shear bond strength (SBS) and manipulation time (MT) among five different composite resins (CR; two flowable and three highly viscous) which are used in the production of clear aligner attachments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This in vitro experiment study comprised of 150 extracted premolars which were divided into 5 equal groups. Predictor variables were CRs; Tetric Evo Ceram (Ivoclar VivadentAG, Liechtenstein) (Group 1), Tetric NCeram; (Ivoclar VivadentAG, Liechtenstein) (Group 2), Tetric N-Flow (GC Dental Products, Tokyo, Japan) (Group 3), G-aenial Universal Injectable (GC Dental Products, Tokyo, Japan) (Group 4), GC Aligner Connect (GC Dental Products, Tokyo, Japan) (Group 5), respectively. Outcome variables were; SBS and MT for each CR attachment in each group of teeth. Oneway ANOVA was used to compare the groups. Levene's test was used to determine variance homogeneity. In terms of variance homogeneity, Bonferroni tests were used as a post-hoc test for multiple group comparisons. RESULTS: SBS was statistically different between study groups (p < 0.001). Average SBS values ​​are found to be 16.6 ± 3.6 MPa for Tetric Evo Ceram; 20.7 ± 5.4 MPa for Tetric NCeram; 21.0 ± 4.0 MPa for Tetric N-Flow; 18.9 ± 5.0 MPa for G-aenial Universal Injectable; and 17.4 ± 3.5 MPa for GC Aligner Connect. The values ​​in the Tetric Evo Ceram group were significantly lower than the Tetric N-Ceram group (p = 0.004) and the Tetric N-Flow group (p = 0.001). Mean value of shear bond strength in the GC Aligner connect group were significantly lower than in the Tetric N-Ceram group (p = 0.047) and in the Tetric N-Flow group (p = 0.017). Flowable composite had a significantly shorter manipulation time than the high viscous one; mean 1,08 ± 0,22 min to mean 4,57 ± 0,51 min, respectively. CONCLUSION: Although SBSs of CRs tested in the study was found to be statistically different, they all quite exceeded the accepted clinically sufficient value of 6-8 MPa. Besides, flowable composite required substantially less time to manipulate than the high viscosity composite.

CAD/CAM single-retainer monolithic zirconia ceramic resin-bonded fixed partial dentures bonded with two different resin cements: Up to 40 months clinical results of a randomized-controlled pilot study.

PURPOSE: This pilot study was part of a larger study planned for the future which aimed to compare the clinical success of two different resin cements used in the cementation of CAD/CAM single-retainer monolithic zirconia ceramic resin-bonded fixed dentures (RBFPDs). METHODS: Twenty-four RBFPDs were fabricated with monolithic zirconia (Katana™ Zirconia HT, Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc, Tokyo, Japan). Panavia F2.0 (PF2.0; n = 12) and Panavia V5 (PV5; n = 12) were used for cementation. The survival period was defined as the time when the restoration was placed in the mouth and lasted until an irreparable damage occurred. The repairable failures were identified as relative and irreparable failures were identified as absolute failure. The survival rate of the RBFPDs was determined by the Kaplan-Meier estimator. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The mean observation times of the PF2.0 group and the PV5 group were 40.45 ± 6.15 months and 40.18 ± 6.41 months, respectively. Four failures occurred in the PF2.0 group. No failure was observed in the PV5 group. The curves of survival rate (PF2.0 = 80%, PV5 = 100%) showed no statistically significant difference (p = 0.031), although success rate (PF2.0 = 66.7%, PV5 = 100%) showed statistically significant difference (p = 0.317). CONCLUSION: Up to 40 months mean follow-up period, performance of RBFPDs bonded with PV5 was better than with PF2.0. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: For clinicians, it is a matter of hesitation to apply single-retainer RBFPDs. This study contains results of 40 months (minimum 32, maximum 50.47 months) clinical follow-ups of single-retainer RBFPDs. These results will enlighten clinicians about the clinical success of the resin cement type for single-retainer monolithic zirconia ceramic RBFPDs.

Anamnesis and examination forms used in orthodontic clinics: A pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Examination is a basic step in the treatment of patients. This study aimed to assess the examination forms of different private and university orthodontic clinics. METHODS: Examination forms were collected from 21 university and 21 private orthodontic clinics. The 80 questions examined in the study were evaluated under 3 subheadings (demographic questions, systemic disease questions, and dental questions). RESULTS: In the evaluation among the groups, the number of questions asked in universities was statistically significantly higher in terms of the total number of questions asked. The number of university questions was statistically significantly higher in the evaluation among the groups of dental questions (P <0.05). In all of the subheadings, there were statistically significant differences between groups and parents' occupation, e-mail, reference, pricing, and personal data protection law questions (P <0.05); breathing pattern question (P <0.05); tongue function, frenulum assessment, transverse problem, jaw deviation, midline, dentition, canine relationship, overjet, overbite, number of teeth, impacted tooth, shape anomaly, dental trauma, profile, and incisal exposure questions (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is no consensus on the examination forms used in orthodontics clinics. Although both universities and private clinics aim to treat orthodontic patients, the questions they asked were different in accordance with their dynamics.

Evaluation and comparison of smartphone application tracing, web based artificial intelligence tracing and conventional hand tracing methods.

AIM: The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the reliability of three different cephalometric assessment methods: Smartphone Application Tracing Method CephNinja (SATM), Web Based Artificial Intelligence (AI) Driven Tracing Method WebCeph (WATM) and Conventional Hand Tracing Method (CHTM). METHODS: 110 lateral cephalometric radiographs were enrolled in the study and 4 linear and 7 angular parameters were traced and measured by one examiner using CephNinja, WebCeph and conventional hand tracing methods. Independent-samples Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro Wilks tests were used to compare the mean values of intra-examiner differences. Both intra-method and inter-method correlations were evaluated. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between the methods in terms of SNA (p:0.003; p < 0.05); SNB measurements (p:0.001; p < 0.05); SN-MP angle (p:0.001; p < 0.05); U1-SN angle (p:0.001; p < 0.05); L1-NB(mm) (p:0.007; p < 0.05) and E Line-Upper Lip(mm) measurements (p:0.013; p < 0.05). All intra-method correlation coefficients are 80% and above. In terms of inter-method coefficients the lowest coefficient of agreement is 0.170 and it is the coefficient of agreement between CHTM and SATM for measurement of U1-NA. The highest coefficient of agreement is 0.884 which is between WBTM and SATM for SNB measurement. CONCLUSIONS: The null hypothesis was rejected. There were statistically and clinically significant differences in various measurements among groups.

Do different orthodontic pliers used in bracket debonding have different effects on pain and sensitivity? A prospective split-mouth study.

OBJECTIVES: The assessment of whether different orthodontic pliers used in bracket debonding have different effects on pain and sensitivity experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients (17 females, 16 males) with metal brackets were included in the study. Compressed air and freshly melted ice water were applied to each tooth (6-6) in upper and lower arch before bracket debonding (T0), just after debonding (T1), and 1 week after debonding (T2). Bracket remover plier (BRP) and Weingart plier (WP) were used to debond brackets. A numeric rating scale (NRS) was used to assess sensitivity for each tooth at T0, T1, and T2. Tooth pain was assessed for each tooth using NRS during bracket debonding. RESULTS: Statistically higher pain scores were found in teeth U4 (upper first premolar) (p = 0.017) and L6 (lower first molar) (p = 0.026) in Weingart plier group. No statistically significant difference was found during debonding in the other teeth between groups. Statistically high sensitivity score was found at T1 time point in tooth U3 (upper canine) by applying air stimulus in Weingart plier group (p = 0.024). There was no statistically significant difference between the sensitivity scores measured at T2 time point by applying air and cold stimuli between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although the debonding pain scores were statistically significant in two teeth and the sensitivity score in one tooth, there was no clinical significance between the two pliers in terms of pain and sensitivity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Both debonding pliers gave clinically similar results in terms of pain and sensitivity.

Evaluation of Nasal Tip Projection and Rotation of Nasal Tip after Orthognathic Surgery by Using Goode's Method.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the projection and rotational tipping(upturning) changes in the nose after orthognathic surgery by using the Goode Method. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, 21 adult patients (12 males, 9 females) who had double jaw surgery (Lefort I Maxillary Advancement and Impaction + Mandibular Setback) were evaluated by using Goode's method(nasal projection) and by evaluation of NLA(Nasolabial Angle)(Nasal rotation) on pre-op and post-op standardized photographs. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between NLA baseline and outcome mean values (p: 0.519), while there was a statistically significant difference between Goode ratios baseline and outcome values (p: 0.025). There was no statistically significant relationship between NLA values and Goode ratios changes and, age, Maxillary Advancement, Impaction and Setback. Gender did not have an effect on the changes of NLA values and Goode ratios. Conclusion: The results of this study presented significant sagittal direction nasal changes in the form of nasal tip protrusion after double jaw surgery, while no statistical effect was found on nasal tip rotation in the vertical direction.

Is the information about orthodontics on Youtube and TikTok reliable for the oral health of the public? A cross sectional comparative study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare orthodontic videos uploaded to YouTube and TikTok, the two most popular video sharing platforms, and to determine which of these platforms has more reliable and higher quality videos. MATERIALS AND METHOD: YouTube (www.YouTube.com) and Tiktok (www.tiktok.com) was searched for two search-terms: "Orthodontics" and "Orthodontic Treatment". Reliability and quality of the first 120 videos for each search-term was evaluated by social media video content evaluation tools: Global Quality Score (GQS) and Reliability Score (modified DISCERN tool). RESULTS: While YouTube videos were more informative or sharing patient experiences, TikTok videos were almost purely entertainment oriented. Tiktok videos had lower reliability. YouTube videos were rated of higher quality than Tiktok videos. GQS mean values for Youtube and TikTok were 2.90 ± 1.35 and 2.23 ± 1.08 respectively; and reliability (DISCERN) values were 2.42 ± 1.70 and 1.27 ± 1.48 respectively. GQS median values for Youtube and TikTok were 3 and 2 respectively; and reliability (DISCERN) values were 2 and 1 respectively. Most of the uploaders in both platforms were professionals. CONCLUSION: Neither YouTube videos nor Tiktok videos were found to be reliable or of good quality. Videos on YouTube were higher quality and more reliable than videos on TikTok. However, YouTube videos also contained unreliable information.

Assessment of Reliability of YouTube Videos on Orthodontics.

OBJECTIVE: In addition to being an entertainment channel, YouTube is also one of the most popular visual information sources today. People search YouTube to consult also on orthodontics, as well as on many other topics. The objective of the present study was to analyze the quality and reliability of information of the videos on YouTube about orthodontics. METHODS: YouTube was searched systematically by two researchers on orthodontics by using the keywords "Orthodontics," "Orthodontist," and "Orthodontic Treatment." Videos on the first three pages (60 videos) for each keyword were assessed. Researchers evaluated the reliability of the videos by using the Reliability Score (adapted from DISCERN) and the quality of the videos by using the Global Quality Score (GQS). RESULTS: The mean GQS results were 2.6±1.3 for videos in the "Orthodontist" group, 3.2±1.3 for videos in the "Orthodontics" group, and 2.3±1.2 for videos in the "Orthodontic Treatment" group on a 5-point scale. The Reliability Score results were 2, 2, and 1.5 for videos in the "Orthodontist," "Orthodontics," and "Orthodontic Treatment" groups, respectively, on a 5-point scale. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient results presented a positive relationship between the researchers. CONCLUSION: Owing to the lack of peer-review process and pre-upload scientific evaluation process, videos on YouTube can lead the public to misinformation.

Is there a relationship between maxillary canine impaction and ocular asymmetry.

INTRODUCTION: Impacted maxillary canines may be in close proximity with related structures, such as the nasal cavity, orbital cavity, and maxillary sinus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of unilateral maxillary canine impaction on ocular asymmetry. The null hypotheses were as follows: (1) there is no difference in the ocular location between the subjects with impacted canines and the control group; (2) there is no difference in the ocular location between the two sides of subjects with impacted canine. METHODS: A total of 50 subjects with unilateral palatally impacted maxillary canines were selected as the study group, and 49 subjects without any impacted teeth were selected as controls. Ocular asymmetry was evaluated on standardized frontal photographs of the subjects in both groups, and the results were statistically compared. RESULTS: Unilateral impaction of maxillary canines did not have a statistically significant effect on the vertical ocular location, nor did maxillary canine impaction affect the horizontal ocular location on either side of the face within the impacted canine group. There was a statistically significant difference in the horizontal ocular location between the impacted canine group and the control group. Gender differences did not have an effect on the ocular location in either of the study groups. CONCLUSIONS: Both hypotheses were accepted. A relationship between the impacted maxillary canine and ocular asymmetry could not be demonstrated.

Rapid maxillary expansion outcomes according to midpalatal suture maturation levels.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to compare the relationship between skeletal and dental outcomes of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) treatment on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images between pre-pubertal peak (pre-peak) and post-pubertal peak (post-peak) patients. The null hypothesis was that there was no difference in the outcomes of RME treatment between the groups. METHODS: Thirty-two patients who underwent RME treatment were classified according to midpalatal suture maturation levels and then divided into two groups as pre-peak and post-peak. Skeletal and dental measurements were performed on the CBCT images at T0 (pre-treatment stage) and at T1 (post-treatment stage). Paired sample t test was used to evaluate normally distributed data and P < 0.05 was taken as the significance level. RESULTS: There were significant differences between T0 and T1 within the groups, but the changes between the pre-peak and post-peak patient groups were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Non-significant changes were found between the two groups, and the null hypothesis was excepted.

Evaluation of pain perception during orthodontic debonding of metallic brackets with four different techniques.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate patients' pain levels during four different debonding procedures. The null hypothesis was that the pain perception of the patients undergoing four different debonding applications was not statistically significant different. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty orthodontic patients who underwent orthodontic debonding were included in this study. The patients were randomly divided into 4 groups according to technique used in the patients. Debonding groups were as follows: Group 1) Conventional debonding group, Group 2) Medication group (acetaminophen was given 1 hour before debonding), Group 3) Soft bite wax group, and Group 4) Soft acrylic bite wafer group. The patients' levels of anxiety and fear of pain were evaluated before debonding, and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) was applied to evaluate their pain perception during debonding. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to evaluate non-normally distributed data. Categorical data analysis were carried by chi-square and McNemar tests. The significance level was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Anxiety scores of the patients were not statistically significant between both genders and debonding groups. In the quadrants in which the patients were perceived, the highest pain level was in the left side of the mandible. The teeth in which the highest pain level was perceived were the lower left and upper right lateral incisors. Although there was no statistically significant difference among the pain scores of the patients in each group, quadrant scores of female patients showed significant differences, being the lowest scores in the soft bite wax group. CONCLUSIONS: Majority of the patients had no fear of pain before debonding. Pain levels of the patients in the conventional debonding group were not significantly different from those of the other groups, except quadrant scores of females in the soft bite wax group. The null hypothesis was accepted.

Evaluation of condyle position in patients with Angle Class I, II, and III malocclusion using cone-beam computed tomography panoramic reconstructions.

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to compare the positions of the right and left condyles between male and female patients with different Angle malocclusions using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) panoramic reconstructions. METHODS: The CBCT images of 60 patients (age of 18-37 years) were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were divided according to their Angle malocclusion classifications (Angle Classes I, II, and III). The condyle-to-eminence, condyle-to-fossa, and condyle-to-meatus distances were measured digitally using i-CAT software. RESULTS: The left and right condyle-to-fossa distances were the most variable parameters among the Angle classes. The right condyle-to-eminence and right condyle-to-fossa distances were significantly different among the classes. Male patients seemed to have a greater condyle-to-fossa distance on the right side in both the Class I and III groups. The mean distance from the condyle to eminence, condyle to fossa, and condyle to meatus on the right side was the greatest in the Angle Class II group. CONCLUSIONS: In all three types of malocclusion (Angle Classes I, II, and III), the condyles on both the right and left sides were not exactly symmetric or centrally located within the glenoid fossa. This work emphasizes the differences in the condyle position between male and female patients. Furthermore, the symmetry and centricity of the condyles are not dependent on the patient's sex or type of malocclusion.

Evaluation of pain perception during orthodontic debonding of metallic brackets with four different techniques

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate patients' pain levels during four different debonding procedures. The null hypothesis was that the pain perception of the patients undergoing four different debonding applications was not statistically significant different. Material and Methods One hundred and twenty orthodontic patients who underwent orthodontic debonding were included in this study. The patients were randomly divided into 4 groups according to technique used in the patients. Debonding groups were as follows: Group 1) Conventional debonding group, Group 2) Medication group (acetaminophen was given 1 hour before debonding), Group 3) Soft bite wax group, and Group 4) Soft acrylic bite wafer group. The patients' levels of anxiety and fear of pain were evaluated before debonding, and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) was applied to evaluate their pain perception during debonding. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to evaluate non-normally distributed data. Categorical data analysis were carried by chi-square and McNemar tests. The significance level was set at p<0.05. Results Anxiety scores of the patients were not statistically significant between both genders and debonding groups. In the quadrants in which the patients were perceived, the highest pain level was in the left side of the mandible. The teeth in which the highest pain level was perceived were the lower left and upper right lateral incisors. Although there was no statistically significant difference among the pain scores of the patients in each group, quadrant scores of female patients showed significant differences, being the lowest scores in the soft bite wax group. Conclusions Majority of the patients had no fear of pain before debonding. Pain levels of the patients in the conventional debonding group were not significantly different from those of the other groups, except quadrant scores of females in the soft bite wax group. The null hypothesis was accepted.

Comparison of shear bond strength of three different adhesives used as temporary bite raiser in daily orthodontic practice.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of three different adhesives (Transbond XT, Light Cure Adhesive, 3M Unitek; Transbond Plus, Light Cure Band Adhesive, 3M Unitek; Transbond Supreme LV, Low Viscosity Light Cure Adhesive, 3M Unitek), which were applied to the etched enamel of occlusal faces of mandibular molar teeth to gain bite opening. The null hypothesis was that there is no statistically significant difference between shear bond strength of these three adhesives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight human molar teeth were equally divided into three groups (n=16). Teeth were embedded in self-curing acrylic resin and were polished and etched. Adhesives were applied on the teeth and all adhesives were light cured for 20seconds. Universal Testing Machine was used for shear bond strength tests with a crosshead blade loaded at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min. Evaluating the type of failure was done by using Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) was used to evaluate the remaining adhesive on the tooth. RESULTS: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant differences between the three different orthodontic adhesives. There was no significant difference (P=0.774) between the groups according to ANOVA test. According to Kruskal-Wallis test there was no statistically significant differences in ARI scores among groups (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The null hypothesis was accepted. There was no statistically significant difference among their bond strength values. All of three materials can be used as temporary bite openers.

The effect of prior sandblasting of the wire on the shear bond strength of two different types of lingual retainers.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of total surface sandblasting on the shear bond strength of two different retainer wires. The null hypothesis was that there is no difference in the bond strength of the two types of lingual retainer wires when they are sandblasted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and sixty human premolar teeth were equally divided into four groups (n=40). A pair of teeth was embedded in self-curing acrylic resin and polished. Retainer wires were applied on the etched and rinsed surfaces of the teeth. Four retainers were used: group 1: braided retainer (0.010×0.028″, Ortho Technology); group 2: sandblasted braided retainer (0.010×0.028″, Ortho Technology); group 3: coaxial retainer (0.0215″ Coaxial, 3M) and group 4: sandblasted coaxial retainer (0.0215″ Coaxial, 3M). The specimens were tested using a universal test machine in shear mode with a crosshead speed of one mm/min. RESULTS: One-way analysis of variance (Anova) was used to determine the significant differences among the groups. There was no significant difference (P=0.117) among the groups according to this test. CONCLUSIONS: The null hypothesis was accepted. There was no statistically significant difference among the shear bond strength values of the four groups.