The mediating effects of social support on the influencing relationship between grit and academic burnout of the nursing students.

AIM(S): This study aimed to examine the social supports' mediating effects on the relationship between grit and academic burnout in nursing students. DESIGN: This was a descriptive study. METHODS: This study was conducted in two nursing departments in Korea, utilizing a convenience sample of 158 nursing students. Data were analysed using hierarchical multiple regression analysis and bootstrapping to verify the mediation effect. RESULTS: The grit's direct effect on academic burnout and indirect effect with social support on academic burnout were statistically significant. Social support mediated the relationship between grit and academic burnout. Social support can improve grit and reduce academic burnout. Social support programs for nursing students should be implemented to prevent/reduce academic burnout.

Nursing leaders' perceptions of the state of nursing leadership and the need for nursing leadership education reform: A qualitative content analysis from South Korea.

AIM: This study aimed to clarify nursing leaders' perceptions of nursing leadership education and practice. BACKGROUND: Leadership is an essential competency that is required in nursing practice. It is also necessary to pay more attention to the development of nurses' leadership to improve patient safety and outcomes. METHODS: Participants were 15 nursing leaders. We adopted qualitative content analysis for data collected through individual and/or focus group interviews and analysed using the process of coding, condensing and categorizing. RESULTS: The results revealed the following five major themes with categories: (1) nursing leadership-commitment to nurses, the nursing profession and the organisation; (2) nursing leadership abilities-competency and compatibility, personality and traits; (3) importance of nursing leadership education to enhance educational efficiency and to nurture next-generation nursing leaders; (4) difficulties in nursing leadership education: lack of perception and difficulty of implementation; and (5) strategies for nursing leadership education: contents and methods. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing leaders' perception of nursing leadership was extended to nurses, organisations and nursing professions. Competency, capability, innate personality and traits are required nursing abilities that are acquired through education. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Experience and theoretical-based nursing leadership education should be introduced gradually and systematically from the beginning of nurses' careers.

Age-Related Hearing Loss and Its Association with Depression in Later Life.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between age-related hearing loss (ARHL) and depressive symptoms in older adults over time. METHODS: Data from the Health Aging and Body Composition study (N = 3075, aged 70-79 at baseline) were used previously to conduct a longitudinal latent class analysis to evaluate depression trajectories (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression [CES-D] Scale) over 10 years. Restricting to the subset of subjects who had hearing information available (N = 1204), self-reported hearing categories were evaluated over the same period. Association between depression classes and hearing categories were assessed via multinomial logistic regression analyses. Correlation analyses and two-sample t-tests were used to assess cross-sectional associations between depression status and audiometric hearing measures. RESULTS: Low-probability (N = 644), increasing-probability (N = 385), and high-probability (N = 175) trajectories of depressive symptoms were identified for the 10-year period. Impaired/Worsening (N = 182) and Healthy/Improving (N = 1,022) hearing categories were defined using self-reports. With the low-probability depression trajectory as the reference group, subjects reporting Impaired/Worsening hearing had 1.63 times increased odds of having an increasing- (p = 0.0088, 95% CI [1.13, 2.34]) and 1.85 times increased odds of having a high-probability depression trajectory (p = 0.0102, 95% CI [1.16, 2.96]). At Year 5, individuals with depressive symptoms (10CES-D ≥ 10) had impaired hearing ability measured by audiometric threshold for low-frequency (Adjusted mean difference = 2.29 dBHL, p = 0.0005) and mid-frequency sounds (Adjusted mean difference = 2.28 dBHL,p = 0.0049) compared to those with 10CES-D < 10. CONCLUSIONS: ARHL was associated with increased depressive symptoms in older adults. Future studies should investigate whether treatment of ARHL may be an effective prevention and/or therapeutic strategy for depressive symptoms.

Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Ethanol Extracts Prepared from Selected Medicinal Herbs in 3T3-L1 Cells.

Obesity is a major risk factor for various metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we prepared ethanol extracts from Agastache rugosa (ARE), Chrysanthemum zawadskii (CZE), Mentha arvensis (MAE), Perilla frutescens (PFE), Leonurus sibiricus (LSE), Gardenia jasminoides (GJE), and Lycopus coreanus (LCE). The anti-oxidant and anti-adipogenic effects were evaluated. The IC50 values for ascorbic acid and LCE against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals were 246.2 µg/mL and 166.2 µg/mL, respectively, followed by ARE (186.6 µg/mL), CZE (198.6 µg/mL), MAE (337.1 µg/mL), PFE (415.3 µg/mL), LSE (548.2 µg/mL), and GJE (626.3 µg/mL). In non-toxic concentration ranges, CZE had a strong inhibitory effect against 3T3-L1 adipogenes (84.5%) than those of the other extracts. Furthermore, the anti-adipogenic effect of CZE is largely limited in the early stage of adipogenesis, and we revealed that the inhibitory role of CZE in adipogenesis is required for the activation of Wnt signaling. Our results provide scientific evidence that the anti-adipogenic effect of CZE can be applied as an ingredient for the development of functional foods and nutri-cosmetics for obesity prevention.

Deep Vein Thrombosis in Patients with Pulmonary Embolism: Prevalance, Clinical Significance and Outcome.

PURPOSE: Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are considered as similar disease entities representing different clinical manifestations. The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the prevalence and outcome of DVT in patients with PE; 2) to identify additional risk factors for PE-related unfavorable outcome and 30-day all-cause mortality; and 3) to establish the clinical importance of screening for concomitant DVT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2013 to December 2015, a total of 141 patients with confirmed PE were evaluated. The prevalence and outcome of DVT in patients with PE was determined. Furthermore, the potential risk factors for PE-related unfavorable outcome and 30-day all-cause mortality were also analyzed. RESULTS: The prevalence of concomitant DVT was 45.4%. PE-related unfavorable outcome was observed in 21.9% of all concomitant DVT, with all-cause mortality of 21.9%. There was no significant relationship between the presence of concomitant DVT and the development of PE-related unfavorable outcome or all-cause mortality. Our results indicated that heart rate >100/min and peripheral oxygen saturation <90% were independent predictors for PE-related unfavorable outcome. Regarding all-cause mortality, active malignancy and hypotension or shock were significant risk factors. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that approximately half of patients with PE possess DVT. However, this study failed to establish any clinical significance of concomitant DVT for PE-related unfavorable outcome and all-cause mortality. Tachycardia and hypoxemia were identified as significant predictors for PE-related unfavorable outcome along with active malignancy and hypotension or shock as significant risk factors of all-cause mortality.

Perception of childhood obesity in mothers of preschool children.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to identify the perception of childhood obesity in mothers of preschool children using Q methodology. METHODS: A total of 38 Q statements about childhood obesity were obtained from 41 participants. The QUANL PC program was used to analyze the results. RESULTS: There were three types of perception toward obesity in mothers of preschool children: the "authoritative discipline type," the "generous home meal focused type," and the "home meal based on household financial situation type." CONCLUSION: The perception of mothers toward childhood obesity can affect the extent of maternal interaction with children or meal preparation for the family. Based on these results, it is necessary to plan specific programs according to the types of maternal perception toward childhood obesity.

Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Ethanol Extracts from Wheat Germ and Wheat Germ Fermented with Aspergillus oryzae.

Most of the wheat germ in cereal grains is removed during the milling process. Various physiological effects have been reported for bioactive substances in wheat germ such as phenolic acids and flavonoids. In this study, the anti-oxidant and anti-adipogenic effects of ethanol extracts from wheat germ (WGE) and wheat germ fermented with Aspergillus oryzae (F-WGE) were investigated in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells. The anti-oxidant activity of F-WGE was demonstrated by a dose-dependent increase in the enhanced scavenging capacity of hydroxyl radicals and Cu(2+)-chelating activity compared to WGE. WGE and F-WGE treatment at doses between 10 and 400 µg/mL did not affect the viability of HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells. Intracellular ROS levels from Cu(2+)-induced oxidative stress were significantly decreased by F-WGE treatment in HepG2 cells compared to WGE. Lipid accumulation was increased in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by 100 µM Fe(2+) treatment, but the accumulation was strongly inhibited by 100 µg/mL of WGE and F-WGE treatment. These results suggest that changes in bioactive substances during the fermentation of wheat germ can potentiate scavenging activities against transition metal-induced oxidative stress and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Therefore, we propose that F-WGE is a novel food materials and provided scientific evidences for its efficacy in the development of functional foods.

[Experience of job satisfaction in clinical nurses: application of focus group methodology].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of job satisfaction in clinical nurses. METHODS: Data was collected from three focus groups composed of 17 hospital nurses. Each focus group had an interview for an average of two and a half hours with the guidance of researchers. The main question was "how do you describe your lived experience of job satisfaction as a clinical nurse?" Qualitative data from the field notes and transcribed notes were analyzed using a grounded theory methodology developed by Strauss and Corbin. RESULTS: The core category of experience of job satisfaction in clinical nurses was identified as "Finding success." Supportive interpersonal relationships and environment affected this category. In the process of attaining job satisfaction through finding success, the participants were using four interactional strategies such as giving meaning, finding self-esteem, extending the horizon of life, and strengthening self-capability. The dimensions of job satisfaction in clinical nurses were the sense of achievement, stability, and pride. CONCLUSION: The results of this study yields very useful information for nursing managers to design a program which enhances job satisfaction of clinical nurses based on interactional strategies.