Exploring the multifaceted role of ginkgolides and bilobalide from Ginkgo biloba in mitigating metabolic disorders.

The ancient Ginkgo biloba tree grows across various regions, with distinctive leaves emitting a unique fragrance. Its extract contains flavonoids, organic acids, and terpenoids. Ginkgolide and bilobalide, which are G. biloba leaf extracts, offer diverse pharmaceutical benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of these compounds are crucial for mitigating neurodegeneration, particularly in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, their effectiveness in countering oxidative stress and inflammation highlights their potential to prevent cardiovascular ailments. This study also suggests that these compounds have a promising impact on lipid metabolism, suggesting their significance in addressing obesity-related metabolic disorders. In conclusion, ginkgolides and bilobalide exhibit promising effects in sustaining the integrity of the nervous and endocrine systems, along with the modulation of lipid metabolism. The diverse health benefits suggest that these compounds could serve as promising therapeutic interventions for various conditions, including neurological, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases.

Black beans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) included in a multi-grain rice reduce total cholesterol and enhance antioxidant capacity in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.

This study investigated the effects of black bean (BB) supplementation on the growth performance, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant capacity of high-fat diet-induced obese mice. The results demonstrated that although the inclusion of BBs led to increased body weight, total energy intake, and feed efficiency ratio, it did not significantly alter the overall body composition, including adiposity. Notably, BB consumption reduced total cholesterol levels, suggesting its potential to manage dyslipidemia and reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, BBs significantly enhanced in the total antioxidant capacity, as indicated by the notable increase in both the total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity. These findings provide significant insights into the promising health benefits of BBs in the context of metabolic syndrome and related health complications.

Correction to: A combined extract containing Schisandra chinensis (SCE) reduced hepatic triglyceride accumulation in rats fed a high­sucrose diet.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01464-1.].

A combined extract containing Schisandra chinensis (SCE) reduced hepatic triglyceride accumulation in rats fed a high-sucrose diet.

Excessive hepatic lipid accumulation is closely linked to inflammation, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndromes. We hypothesized that a combined extract containing Schisandra chinensis (SCE) could alleviate hepatic lipid accumulation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-sucrose diet (HSD) were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 6): normal diet (ND), HSD (60% kcal from sucrose), and HSD + SCE (HSD with 2.44% SCE). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed that SCE contains chlorogenic acid (5.514 ± 0.009 mg/g) and schisandrin (0.179 ± 0.002 mg/g) as bioactive components. SCE did not alter the body weight, fat mass, lean mass, or glucose levels. Strikingly, SCE effectively reduced the plasma triglyceride (TG) and hepatic TG levels compared to the HSD group. Adiposity reduction is due to decreased activity of hepatic de novo lipogenic enzymes. These results indicated that SCE has nutraceutical potential for the prevention and treatment of hepatic steatosis. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01464-1.

Effect of MIND diet on cognitive function in elderly: a narrative review with emphasis on bioactive food ingredients.

As the world becomes a super-aged society, cognitive decline is public health problems that are increasing rapidly. A healthy diet has great potential for maintaining cognitive health. A diet that could delay the onset of neurodegenerative diseases has been developed: the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet, a hybrid form of the Mediterranean diet and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. In this review, the effects of the MIND diet on improving cognitive function, including memory, are summarized. In most studies, the higher the adherence to the MIND diet, the higher the cognitive function evaluation score, and the lower the incidence of dementia. This is because of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the major nutritional components of the MIND diet: folate, carotenoids, polyphenols, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Adherence to the MIND diet, containing various bioactive food ingredients, is related to cognitive improvement in the elderly population.

Recent Advances in Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Sarcopenic Obesity.

Sarcopenic obesity, low muscle mass, and high body fat are growing health concerns in the aging population. This review highlights the need for standardized criteria and explores nutraceuticals as potential therapeutic agents. Sarcopenic obesity is associated with insulin resistance, inflammation, hormonal changes, and reduced physical activity. These factors lead to impaired muscle activity, intramuscular fat accumulation, and reduced protein synthesis, resulting in muscle catabolism and increased fat mass. Myostatin and irisin are myokines that regulate muscle synthesis and energy expenditure, respectively. Nutritional supplementation with vitamin D and calcium is recommended for increasing muscle mass and reducing body fat content. Testosterone therapy decreases fat mass and improves muscle strength. Vitamin K, specifically menaquinone-4 (MK-4), improves mitochondrial function and reduces muscle damage. Irisin is a hormone secreted during exercise that enhances oxidative metabolism, prevents insulin resistance and obesity, and improves bone quality. Low-glycemic-index diets and green cardamom are potential methods for managing sarcopenic obesity. In conclusion, along with exercise and dietary support, nutraceuticals, such as vitamin D, calcium, vitamin K, and natural agonists of irisin or testosterone, can serve as promising future therapeutic alternatives.

Feasibility of Raman spectroscopic identification of gall bladder cancer using extracellular vesicles extracted from bile.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are heterogeneous membrane-based vesicles with bilayer cell membrane structures, could be versatile biomarkers for the identification of diverse diseases including cancers. With this potential, this study has attempted the Raman spectroscopic identification of gall bladder (GB) cancer by directly measuring the EV solution extracted from human bile without further sample drying. For this purpose, bile samples were obtained from four normal individuals and 21 GB polyp, eight hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and five GB cancer patients, and EVs were extracted from each of the bile samples. The Raman peak shapes of the EVs extracted from the GB cancer samples, especially the relative intensities of peaks in the 1560-1340 cm-1 range, were dissimilar to those of the samples from the normal, GB polyp, and HCC groups. The intensity ratios of peaks at 1537 and 1453 cm-1 and at 1395 and 1359 cm-1 of the GB cancer samples were lower and higher, respectively, than those of the samples of the remaining three groups. The differences of peak intensity ratios were statistically significant based on the Mann-Whitney U test. DNA/RNA bases, amino acids, and bile salts contributed to the spectra of EVs, and their relative abundances seemed to vary according to the occurrence of GB cancer. The varied metabolite compositions and/or structures of EVs were successfully demonstrated by the dissimilar peak intensity ratios in the Raman spectra, thereby enabling the discrimination of GB cancer.

Rottlerin suppresses lipid accumulation by inhibiting de novo lipogenesis and adipogenesis via LRP6/mTOR/SREBP1C in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Rottlerin is isolated from Mallotus japonicus, a plant rich in polyphenols. Rottlerin is a selective PKCδ-inhibitor and is also known as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation and anti-neoplastic agent. However, its anti-obesity effect is yet to be established. Therefore, this study tested whether rottlerin inhibits adipogenesis and de novo lipogenesis via the LRP6/mTOR/SREBP1C pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Rottlerin dramatically decreased lipid accumulation assessed by Oil Red O as evidence to support the cellular phenotype (p < 0.001). Pivotal messenger RNA and protein expressions associated with de novo lipogenesis (SREBP1C, ACC1, FAS, and SCD1) and adipogenesis (PPARγ and C/EBPα) were subsequentially verified by rottlerin in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Further investigation revealed that rottlerin reduced the AKT/mTOR pathway via diminished total protein of LRP6 (p < 0.05). Collectively, these findings establish a causal link between rottlerin, LRP6, and the altered nutrient-sensing mTOR pathway, in which rottlerin regulates de novo lipogenesis and adipogenesis in white adipocytes.

Association of Time to First Morning Cigarette and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Measured by Spirometry in Current Smokers.

BACKGROUND: Time to first cigarette after waking is an indicator of nicotine dependence. We aimed to identify the association between time to first cigarette and spirometry-proven obstructive respiratory impairment, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, in current smokers. METHODS: We included 392 subjects who visited the comprehensive medical examination center of Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital between July 2014 and September 2015. Subjects with lung disease or anemia were excluded. Obstructive pulmonary impairment was defined as <70% of the predicted value of forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity. Subjects were classified into the early (≤30 minutes) and late (>30 minutes) groups based on the time to first cigarette. Logistic regression and linear regression analyses were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Ninety-eight subjects (25%) were classified into the early group. After adjusting for smoking behaviors (cigarettes per day and smoking duration), socioeconomic status (education and income), age, and physical activity, an early time to first cigarette was found to be associated with an increased risk of obstructive pulmonary impairment measured using spirometry (adjusted odds ratio, 2.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-6.61). CONCLUSION: Compared to current smokers with a late time to first cigarette, those with an early time to first cigarette had a higher risk of obstructive pulmonary impairment, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Classifying smoking-related behaviors, especially time to first cigarette, may help target clinical screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Vaccinations in older adults with gastrointestinal diseases.

Vaccines play a key role in the prevention of illness in the elderly, are cost effective, and generally safe. Hepatitis C, cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease are more prevalent than ever among older adults. Along with an age-related decline in immune system function (immunosenescence), these diseases make elderly individuals more susceptible to infections and more likely to experience a poor outcome relative to their younger counterparts. Vaccinations also appear to be less effective in the elderly, warranting research into different vaccination strategies such as booster vaccines, higher doses of vaccine, and measurement of antibody titers to guide vaccination.