Visual Outcomes According to Age After Bilateral Implantation of Trifocal Intraocular Lenses.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of age on visual outcomes after the bilateral implantation of trifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs). METHODS: A total of 290 patients (580 eyes) who underwent bilateral implantation of a trifocal IOL were enrolled in this retrospective case-control study. Patients were divided into five age groups: 45 to 49, 50 to 54, 55 to 59, 60 to 64, and 65 years and older. Postoperative monocular uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA and CDVA, respectively), uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), binocular distance-corrected defocus curve, spectacle dependence for near and distance vision, and patient satisfaction scores were compared among the five groups. RESULTS: The 45 to 49 years group had significantly better mean UDVA (0.02 ± 0.05 logMAR) and UNVA (0.02 ± 0.04 logMAR) than the 65 years and older group (0.06 ± 0.09 and 0.09 ± 0.09 logMAR; P = .029 and P < .001; respectively). However, no significant differences were observed in the mean CDVA among the groups. Binocular visual performance of the 45 to 49 years group was better than that of the 65 years and older age group at defocuses of +1.00, +0.50, -1.00, and -3.00 D. No significant differences were observed in spectacle dependence for near and distance vision or in patient satisfaction scores among the five groups. CONCLUSIONS: Bilateral implantation of trifocal IOLs can provide excellent near and distance vision in both young and older patients. However, UDVA and UNVA revealed considerably worse results in the older group, although no significant difference was observed in CDVA and postoperative refractive errors by age. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(4):e270-e277.].

Synthesis of biocomposites from microalgal peptide incorporated polycaprolactone/ κ- carrageenan nanofibers and their antibacterial and wound healing property.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising novel agents for targeting a wide range of pathogens. In this study, microalgal peptides derived from native microalgae were incorporated into polycaprolactone (PCL) with ƙ-Carrageenan (ƙ-C) forming nanofibers using the electrospinning method. The peptides incorporated in the nanofibers were characterized by fourier infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and contact angle measurement. The results showed that peptides with molecular weights < 10 kDa, when loaded into nanofibers, exhibited lower wettability. The SEM analysis revealed a thin, smooth, interconnected bead-like structures. The antimicrobial activity of the electrospun nanofibers was evaluated through disc diffusion, and minimum inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli (MTTC 443), and Staphylococcus aureus (MTTC 96), resulting in zones of inhibition of 24 ± 0.5 mm and 14 ± 0.5 mm, respectively. The in vitro biocompatibility of the synthesized nanofibers was confirmed using in HEK 293 cell lines with an increased cell viability. Interestingly, the fibers also exhibited a significant wound-healing properties when used in vitro scratch assays. In conclusion, algal peptides incorporated with PCL/ ƙ-C were found to exhibit antimicrobial and biocompatible biomaterials for wound healing applications.

An Evidence of Carbonic Anhydrase Activity in Native Microalgae for CO2 Capture Application.

A promising alternative for effective carbon capture has been found in microalgae because of their high photosynthetic capacity and quick growth. The carbon concentration mechanism of many microalgae is heavily reliant on the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), which catalyze the production of bicarbonate from carbon dioxide. In this study, microalgal samples were collected, characterized, and cultured under controlled conditions for their optimal growth of cultures I-IX. The CA activity was investigated using a standard method; the Wilbur-Anderson assay was used to calculate CA activity in microalgal cultures. The comparative study was then used to measure the activity rate of the collected microalgae. Among the tested, culture I, VI, and IX showed a high enzyme activity rate of 4.15, 4.0, and 4.2 µg·mL-1, respectively. To determine the rate of carbon dioxide hydration, the method involved tracking the pH change in a reaction mixture. In addition, genetic analysis facilitates the identification of key genes involved in CA activity and other metabolic processes, which enhance the knowledge of microalgal physiology, and enables genetic engineering efforts in the future studies. Overall, this investigation emphasizes the significance of studying unknown microalgal culture and their potential CA activity for industrial and bio-energy applications.

Microalgae mediated bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Strategies, advancement and regulations.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are pervasive in the atmosphere and are one of the emerging pollutants that cause harmful effects in living systems. There are some natural and anthropogenic sources that can produce PAHs in an uncontrolled way. Several health hazards associated with PAHs like abnormality in the reproductive system, endocrine system as well as immune system have been explained. The mutagenic or carcinogenic effects of hydrocarbons in living systems including algae, vertebrates and invertebrates have been discussed. For controlling PAHs, biodegradation has been suggested as an effective and eco-friendly process. Microalgae-based biosorption and biodegradation resulted in the removal of toxic contaminants. Microalgae both in unialgal form and in consortium (with bacteria or fungi) performed good results in bioaccumulation and biodegradation. In the present review, we highlighted the general information about the PAHs, conventional versus advanced technology for removal. In addition microalgae based removal and toxicity is discussed. Furthermore this work provides an idea on modern scientific applications like genetic and metabolic engineering, nanomaterials-based technologies, artificial neural network (ANN), machine learning (ML) etc. As rapid and effective methods for bioremediation of PAHs. With several pros and cons, biological treatments using microalgae are found to be better for PAH removal than any other conventional technologies.

Extraction and characterization of Chitosan from Shell of Borassus flabellifer and their antibacterial and antioxidant applications.

Chitosan is a bio-polymer made up of repeating units of N-acetyl glucosamine and glucosamine joined together by (1-4)-glycosidic linkages. Various bioresources have been used to develop bioactive materials that have a wide range of applications in different fields, including industry and medicine. Borassus flabellifer is a well-known source of chitin in the sub-Indian continent and is used in digestion, pharmaceuticals, and other applications. Chitin can be extracted from B. flabellifer fruit shells through demineralization and deproteinization and then converted into chitosan through deacetylation. This study aimed to investigate the biological activity of chitosan extracted from B. flabellifer fruit shells and to analyze its molecular structure using FT-IR analysis. Results showed the presence of NH, OH, and CO stretching, indicating the presence of various functional groups in chitosan. Scanning electron microscopic study revealed the topography of the chitosan. Well-diffusion and MIC tests showed that chitosan exhibited activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The chitosan extract also exhibited potential antioxidant polymer by scavenging free radicals.

Rasch Analysis of the Korean Version of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory.

Tinnitus is the perception of abnormal sounds in the ears or head without external auditory stimulation. While classical test theory is often used in tinnitus questionnaire development, it has limitations in assessing item characteristics. Item response theory (IRT) offers more precise individual ability estimations and identifies key and less important items, making it superior for reliable measurement tools. This study investigated the suitability of the Korean version of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (K-THI) as a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) for clinical trials. Using Rasch analysis based on IRT, we evaluated K-THI's measurement of tinnitus-related disability in 545 patients (40.4% men, 59.6% women). Five items (2, 7, 8, 19, and 24) did not fit the Rasch model, yet a unidimensional scale and good fit for person and item data emerged (person: 0.89; item: 0.98). The three-point rating scale in K-THI proved suitable. IRT allowed precise evaluation of K-THI's properties, vital for reliable PROMs in patient-centered care. Our findings highlight IRT's role in questionnaire development, contributing to the advancement of PROMs.

Isolation and Characterization of Biosurfactant-Producing Soil Fungus Penicillium sp.

In this study, a fungal species was isolated from rhizospheric soil and identified as Penicillium sp. by ITS sequencing. The Penicillium sp. has been screened for the biosurfactant production, viz., haemolytic activity, oil spreading assay and emulsification index. The biosurfactant from cell-free supernatant was extracted using acid precipitation followed by solvent-solvent extraction. The physiochemical properties of the extracted biosurfactant were analysed using FTIR; the major peaks that show at 1720 cm-1, 1531 cm-1, 1419 cm-1, 1251 cm-1 and 1010 cm-1 correspond to aliphatic chains, sugars and ester carbonyl groups. The fatty acids present in the extracted biosurfactant were analysed using GCMS, in which a molecular mass of 256 and 284 m/z showed the presence of n-hexadecenoic acid and octadecanoic acid respectively which indicate the presence of rhamnolipid, which is a major biosurfactant. The biosurfactant extracted from Penicllium sp. demonstrated antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In future perspectives, the biosurfactant extracted from the isolated species holds great potential as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent and could be utilized in various healthcare applications.

Unveiling the Anti-Biofilm Property of Hydroxyapatite on Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Synthesis and Strategy.

Biofilm-related nosocomial infections may cause a wide range of life-threatening infections. In this regard, Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm is becoming a serious health burden due to its capability to develop resistance to natural and synthetic drugs. The utilization of nanoparticles that inhibit biofilm formation is one of the major strategies to control infections caused by biofilm-forming pathogens. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a synthetic ceramic material having properties similar to natural bones. Herein, a co-precipitation method followed by microwave treatment was used to synthesize HA nanoparticles (HANPs). The resulting HANPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Then, their antibiofilm properties against P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145 were examined in vitro. The needle-shaped HANPs were 30 and 90 nm long in width and length, respectively. The synthesized HANPs inhibited the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145 in a concentration-dependent manner, which was validated by light and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Hence, this study demonstrated that HANPs could be used to control the biofilm-related infections of P. aeruginosa.

Identification of a novel cyclomaltodextrinase annotated as a neopullulanase in the genome of Bacillus cereus.

Bacillus cereus is a rod-shaped, gram-positive, motile, and ß-hemolytic soil bacterium. B. cereus is an opportunistic pathogen, often responsible for human foodborne illness that is caused by ingestion of starchy foods with symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting. Among the numerous amylolytic enzymes in the genome of the pathogen, the one annotated as a putative neopullulanase (NPase) was cloned and its biochemical properties were characterized in this study. The corresponding gene encoded an enzyme of 586 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 68.25 kDa. The putative NPase shared 43.7-59.2% of identity with NPases, cyclomaltodextrinases (CDases), and maltogenic amylases from various bacteria, but shared very low similarity with other amylolytic enzymes of B. cereus. The optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme was 6.5 and 37 â„ƒ, respectively. The enzyme activity was decreased by the cations tested in this study and completely inhibited by Co2+ and Cu2+. The purified enzyme showed substrate preference in the order of α-CD > ß-CD > starch > maltodextrin > γ-CD and hydrolyzed them mainly to maltose. However, it did not hydrolyze maltose, pullulan, and glycogen. The enzyme was designated herein as a CDase of B. cereus (BcCDase). Furthermore, the enzyme could transfer the sugars released from CDs and maltotriose to acceptor molecules. BcCDase was likely to be involved in the maltodextrin metabolism in B. cereus.

Function of the mdxR gene encoding a novel regulator for carbohydrate metabolism and sporulation in Bacillus subtilis 168.

The mdxR gene located upstream of mdxD, encoding a maltogenic amylase, has been annotated as a member of LacI-type transcriptional regulator in Bacillus subtilis 168 but its function has not been investigated yet. In this study, expression pattern of the mdxR promoter (PmdxR) and effects of mdxR were investigated to elucidate the function of mdxR. Expression of PmdxR was monitored by the ß-galactosidase activity expressed from the PmdxR-lacZ fusion integrated at the amyE locus on the chromosome. The promoter was induced by starch, ß-cyclomaltodextrin, or maltose at early exponential phase and kept expressed until late stationary phase. However, it was repressed by glucose, sucrose, or glycerol, suggesting that it was under catabolite repression. Furthermore, interactions of MdxR and Spo0A to the DNA fragment carrying PmdxR or PmdxD were detected by mobility-shift assay, implying that MdxR was a novel transcription regulator for both genes, which were regulated also by Spo0A. The mdxR mutant impaired the expressions of mdxD and malL (encoding an α-glucosidase); degraded accumulated glycogen slower than the wild type and the mdxD mutant. Both of the mdxR and the mdxD mutants formed more endospores (50.95% and 47.10%) than the wild type (23.90%). Enhanced sporulation by these mutations could be of industrial interest where sporulation or endospores of B. subtilis matters. These results indicate that MdxR functions as a transcriptional regulator for mdxR, mdxD, and other genes in the gene cluster that is related to the maltose/maltodextrin metabolism. MdxR and MdxD are also involved in glycogen metabolism and sporulation, tentatively by modulating the net energy balance in the cell.

Synthesis of antibacterial hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and silver nanoparticle biocomposites via solution plasma using silver electrodes.

The biocomposites of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)/silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using the solution plasma process (SPP). HPMC/AgNPs were synthesized in 1-5 % HPMC solutions using silver electrodes. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed a peak near 400 nm and the peak increased as the concentration of HPMC and discharge time increased. FTIR analysis indicated no change in the chemical structure of the HPMC based biocomposites. Spherical shaped AgNPs with size ranges about 2-18 nm and well dispersed in the porous HPMC matrices with fringed edges were observed by TEM and SEM/EDS analyses. The synthesized biocomposites were found to be thermo-stable by TGA analysis. The inhibition zones of bacterial growth formed by the HPMC/AgNPs biocomposites were in the range of 8-14.3 mm; minimal inhibition concentrations, in the range of 10-15 µg·mL-1 for Gram-negative bacteria; 25-30 µg·mL-1 for Gram-positive bacteria. The biocomposites were non-toxic to the HEK293 cells up to 125 µg·mL-1. The results indicated that the synthesis of antibacterial agents in the HPMC matrix using silver electrodes via SPP would be an efficient and safe way for the development of biopolymer based antimicrobials and wound healing biomaterials.

A Systemic Review on the Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Palladium Nanoparticles in Biomedicine.

Palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) have been considered as a potential candidate in the field of biomedical applications due to its unique properties such as huge catalytic, hydrogen storage, and sensing behavior. Therefore, Pd NPs have shown to have a significant potential for the development of antimicrobials, wound healing, antioxidant, and anticancer property in recent days. There are plenty of reports that showed superior properties of noble metals. However, only very few studies have been undertaken to explore the advantage of Pd NPs in the field of biomedical applications. This review reports detailed and comprehensive studies comprising of the synthesis, characterization, and potential applications of Pd NPs in biomedicine. This report provides evidences in the literature documented by early researchers to understand the potential applications of Pd NPs to be explored in various fields.

Functional characterization of maltodextrin glucosidase for maltodextrin and glycogen metabolism in Vibrio vulnificus MO6-24/O.

Glycogen is important for transmission of V. vulnificus undergoing disparate environments of nutrient-rich host and nutrient-limited marine environment. The malZ gene of V. vulnificus encoding a maltodextrin glucosidase was cloned and over-expressed in E. coli to investigate its roles in glycogen/maltodextrin metabolism in the pathogen. The malZ gene encoded a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 70 kDa. The optimal pH and temperature of MalZ was 7.0 and 37 °C, respectively. MalZ hydrolyzed maltodextrin to glucose and maltose most efficiently, while hydrolyzed other substrates such as starch, maltose, ß-cyclomaltodextrin, and glycogen less efficiently. The activity was enhanced greatly by Mn2+. It also exhibited transglycosylation activity toward excessive maltotriose. The malZ knock-out mutant accumulated 2.3-5.6-fold less glycogen than the wild type when excessive maltodextrin or glucose was added to LB medium, while it accumulated more glycogen than the wild type (3.5-fold) in the presence of excessive maltose. Growth and glycogen accumulation of the mutant were retarded most significantly in the M63 minimal medium supplemented with 0.5% maltodextrin. Side chain length distributions of glycogen molecules were varied by the malZ mutation and types of the excessive carbon source. Based on the results, MalZ of V. vulnificus was likely to be involved in maltose/maltodextrin metabolism, thereby balancing synthesis of glycogen and energy generation in the cell. The bacterium seemed to have multiple and unique pathways for glycogen metabolism according to carbon sources.

An Investigation of Pepsin Hydrolysate of Short Antibacterial Peptides Derived from Limnospira Sp.

The antimicrobial peptides derived from microalgae have attracted a huge attention due to the insufficient availability of effective drugs from the natural resources. In this study, the enzymatic hydrolysate of protein derived from Limnospira maxima was prepared using pepsin under optimized conditions. The peptides with range of 10 kDa were isolated and purified using the Ultra membrane filtration, SDS-PAGE, and TLC. Furthermore, the peptide sequence was identified and characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in which an algal peptide, KLENCNYAVELGK showed a strong signal at 466.68 m/z among seven peptides derived from the pepsin hydrolysate. The FT-IR spectroscopic study confirmed the presence of a characteristic functional group of amino acids in the sequence. The algal derived peptide showed antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli (27 ± 0.5 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (14 mm ± 0.5). This study paves a way to explore the antibacterial peptide from a novel species, L. maxima (MZ26519) evident to utilize for the novel drug to overcome the conventional approach.

Cable tie technique for securing scleral fixation suture to intraocular lens.

Purpose: To report a new flanged intrascleral fixation technique for subluxated or dislocated intraocular lens (IOL) with c-loop or double c-loop haptics (cable tie fixation method). Observations: We introduced a cable tie fixation method using 6-0 polypropylene for subluxated multifocal IOL with C-loop or double C-loop haptics. After passing the 6-0 polypropylene monofilament under the optic-haptic junction, the other end of the strand was taken out of the eye after passing it above the optic-haptic junction. A knot was made at one end, and the opposite strand was passed through the knot to form a loop. Both ends of the monofilament were tugged to make the loop fixed to the optic-haptic junction smaller. Both ends of the monofilament were externalized 2.5 mm posterior to the limbus using a 30 G needle. Another 6-0 polypropylene monofilament was tied to the opposite optic-haptic junction and scleral fixation was performed. While checking the IOL centration, the four ends of the 6-0 polypropylene monofilaments were heated with a cautery to form flanges. Conclusions and Importance: A four-flanged intrascleral fixation technique involving a cable tie-shaped loop using 6-0 polypropylene could provide stable IOL fixation without damage for subluxated or dislocated IOLs with C-loop or double C-loop haptics.

Comparison of visual outcomes after two types of mix-and-match implanted trifocal extended-depth-of-focus and trifocal intraocular lenses.

PURPOSE: To compare visual outcomes between two types of mix-and-match implanted trifocal extended-depth-of-focus (EDoF) and trifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs). METHODS: A total of 212 eyes of 106 subjects with mix-and-match implanted FineVision Triumf and FineVision HP IOLs (Triumf-HP group) and 212 eyes of 106 subjects with mix-and-match implanted Zeiss AT LARA and AT LISA IOLs (AT LARA-LISA group) were enrolled in this retrospective case-control study. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), and binocular distance-corrected defocus curves were measured between 6 and 10 weeks after cataract surgery. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in UDVA among the four IOLs. UNVA was the best in eyes with the FineVision HP IOL (0.04 ± 0.06 logMAR), followed by eyes with the AT LISA IOL (0.07 ± 0.07 logMAR), the FineVision Triumf IOL (0.09 ± 0.09 logMAR), and the AT LARA IOL (0.11 ± 0.08 logMAR), respectively. The AT LARA-LISA group had better visual acuity than the Triumf-HP group between - 1.00 D and - 1.50 D of defocus, and the Triumf-HP group had better visual acuity than the AT LARA-LISA group between - 3.00 D and - 4.00 D of defocus. CONCLUSION: Mix-and-match implantation of trifocal EDoF and trifocal IOLs provided good visual outcomes in far, intermediate, and near distances. The mix-and-match implantation of Triumf-HP IOLs led to better visual outcomes in near vision, while that of the AT LARA-LISA IOLs led to better visual outcomes in intermediate vision.

Characterization of a cold-adapted debranching enzyme and its role in glycogen metabolism and virulence of Vibrio vulnificus MO6-24/O.

Vibrio vulnificus MO6-24/O has three genes annotated as debranching enzymes or pullulanase genes. Among them, the gene encoded by VVMO6_03032 (vvde1) shares a higher similarity at the amino acid sequence level to the glycogen debranching enzymes, AmyX of Bacillus subtilis (40.5%) and GlgX of Escherichia coli (55.5%), than those encoded by the other two genes. The vvde1 gene encoded a protein with a molecular mass of 75.56 kDa and purified Vvde1 efficiently hydrolyzed glycogen and pullulan to shorter chains of maltodextrin and maltotriose (G3), respectively. However, it hydrolyzed amylopectin and soluble starch far less efficiently, and ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) only rarely. The optimal pH and temperature of Vvde1 was 6.5 and 25°C, respectively. Vvde1 was a cold-adapted debranching enzyme with more than 60% residual activity at 5°C. It could maintain stability for 2 days at 25°C and 1 day at 35°C, but it destabilized drastically at 40°C. The Vvde1 activity was inhibited considerably by Cu2+, Hg2+, and Zn2+, while it was slightly enhanced by Co2+, Ca2+, Ni2+, and Fe2+. The vvde1 knock-out mutant accumulated more glycogen than the wild-type in media supplemented with 1.0% maltodextrin; however, the side chain length distribution of glycogen was similar to that of the wild-type except G3, which was much more abundant in the mutant. Therefore, Vvde1 seemed to debranch glycogen with the degree of polymerization 3 (DP3) as the specific target branch length. Virulence of the pathogen against Caenorhabditis elegans was attenuated significantly by the vvde1 mutation. These results suggest that Vvde1 might be a unique glycogen debranching enzyme that is involved in both glycogen utilization and shaping of glycogen molecules, and contributes toward virulence of the pathogen.

Algorithmic intraocular lens power calculation formula selection by keratometry, anterior chamber depth and axial length.

PURPOSE: To compare the prediction accuracy of algorithmic intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formula selection method using conventional formulas (Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, SRK/T and/or Barrett Universal II) based on keratometry (K), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and axial length (AL). METHODS: A total of 1653 patients (1653 eyes) implanted with Tecnis ZCB00 IOL during cataract surgery were enrolled in this study. Intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas with a small absolute value in the sum of the area under the curve measured by K, ACD and AL subgroup were selected to calculate IOL power in the relevant biometry subgroup. The median absolute error (MedAE) calculated by the Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, SRK/T and Barrett Universal II formulas individually was compared to that calculated by the algorithmic selection method using four formulas, Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1 and SRK/T, or five formulas when Barrett is included. RESULTS: The MedAE was 0.27 D in the Haigis, 0.30 D in the Hoffer Q, 0.27 D in the Holladay 1, 0.29 D in the SRK/T and 0.26 D in the Barrett Universal II formulas. The MedAEs determined by the algorithmic selection method using four (019 D) and five (0.21 D) formulas were significantly lower than those by the conventional IOL power calculation formulas. CONCLUSIONS: The IOL power calculation formula selection method by biometry subgroup combined with biometric parameters K, ACD and AL may offer a more superior postoperative refractive error prediction in cataract surgery.

Increased Near Vision Spectacle Dependence of Patients With Preoperative Myopia After Mix-and-Match Implantation of Trifocal EDOF and Trifocal IOLs.

PURPOSE: To investigate the factors affecting near vision spectacle dependence after mix-and-match implantation of the trifocal extended depth of focus (EDOF) and trifocal intraocular lens (IOL). METHODS: A total of 204 eyes of 102 patients who underwent mix-and-match implantation of one trifocal EDOF and one trifocal IOL were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into two groups according to spectacle dependence for near vision: reading glasses and no glasses. Clinical characteristics were compared between the two groups and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the odds ratio of factors potentially associated with the need for reading glasses. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients (79.4%) did not need reading glasses and 21 (20.6%) did. The mean age of the no glasses group (55.6 ± 5.6 years) was significantly higher than that of the reading glasses group (52.7 ± 4.1 years). Preoperative refractions were more myopic in the reading glasses group than in the no glasses group. The postoperative uncorrected near visual acuities were better and the satisfaction scores were higher in the no glasses group compared to the reading glasses group. Multivariate binary regression analysis revealed that only pre-operative spherical equivalent (odds ratio: 1.397; P = .025) was related to the spectacle independence for near vision. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who had preoperative myopia and underwent mix-and-match implantation of trifocal EDOF and tri-focal IOLs tended to need spectacles for near vision. Surgeons should be aware of patients with myopia when considering mix-and-match implantation of trifocal EDOF and trifocal IOLs. [J Refract Surg. 2021;37(11):746-753.].

An evidence of microalgal peptides to target spike protein of COVID-19: In silico approach.

The outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has affected millions of lives and it is one of the deadliest viruses ever known and the effort to find a cure for COVID-19 has been very high. The purpose of the study was to investigate the anti-COVID effect from the peptides derived from microalgae. The peptides from microalgae exhibit antimicrobial, anti-allergic, anti-hypersensitive, anti-tumor and immune-modulatory properties. In the In silico study, 13 cyanobacterial specific peptides were retrieved based on the extensive literature survey and their structures were predicted using Discovery Studios Visualizer. The spike protein of the novel COVID19 was retrieved from PDB (6LU7) and further molecular docking was done with the peptides through CDOCKER. The five peptides were bound clearly to the spike protein (SP) and their inhibitory effect towards the SP was promising among 13 peptides were investigated. Interestingly, LDAVNR derived from S.maxima have excellent binding and interaction energy showed -113.456 kcal/mol and -71.0736 kcal/mol respectively to target SP of COVID. The further investigation required for the in vitro confirmation of anti-COVID from indigenous microalgal species for the possible remedy in the pandemic.