Assessment of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Turkey Tail Medicinal Mushroom Trametes versicolor (Agaricomycetes).

Trametes versicolor is important for its medicinal rather than nutritional value. It has a variety of pharmacological activities. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the bioactive properties of the wild medicinal mushroom T. versicolor (L.) Lloyd. Samples were analyzed for antioxidant potential and the chemical composition of the major bioactive chemical components. Chromatographic procedures were used to analyze phenolic compounds, free amino acids, vitamins, and fatty acids. T. versicolor was analyzed for moisture (87.21 ± 1.08 g/100 g fw), protein (11.07 ± 0.85 g/100 g dw), and fat (1.35 ± 0.09 g/100 g dw) content. Phenolic compounds in T. versicolor were found as p-hydroxy benzoic (113.16 ± 0.22 µg/g dw), protocatechuic (10.07 ± 0.54 µg/g dw), vanillic (5.21 ± 0.10 µg/g dw), and homogentisic acids (1.24 ± 0.15 µg/g dw). In the studied mushroom, essential and nonessential amino acids were determined as leucine (72.41 ± 0.16 mg/100 g dw), isoleucine (60.07 ± 0.10 mg/100 g dw), methionine (53.51 ± 0.09 mg/100 g dw), tyrosine (33.37 ± 0.27 mg/100 g dw), glutamine (15.48 ± 0.19 mg/100 g dw), and asparagine (10.90 ± 0.13 mg/100 g dw). Vitamin content of T. versicolor was found as nicotinic acid (26.52 ± 0.10 mg/100 g dw) and nicotinamide (12.18 ± 0.05 mg/100 g dw). Fatty acids in T. versicolor were linoleic acid (18:2n6c), oleic acid (18:1n9c), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), and linolenic acid (18:3n3). In conclusion, the results of the present study support the potential use of T. versicolor as a promising source of bioactive products for pharmaceutical and also food industries.

Serum indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase and tryptophan and kynurenine ratio using the UPLC-MS/MS method, in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, and kidney transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The level and activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and the concentrations of L-tryptophan and its metabolite L-kynurenine were determined in association with various renal diseases. However, there have been no data regarding these parameters in patients on peritoneal dialysis compared to those undergoing hemodialysis or kidney transplantation. METHODS: This study investigated the level and activity of IDO and determined oxidative balance by calculating the total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), and oxidative stress index (OSI). We enrolled 60 kidney disease patients, including 20 on peritoneal dialysis (PD group), 19 on hemodialysis (HD group), and 21 with kidney transplantation (KT group), as well as 21 control group. RESULTS: IDO levels were increased in the PD, HD, and KT groups compared to the control group. The concentration of kynurenine was significantly increased in the PD group compared to the other groups (p < 0.01). The kynurenine/tryptophan ratio was increased in the PD group compared to the other groups (all p < 0.01). TAS levels in the PD and HD groups were significantly decreased compared to the control group (both p < 0.05). TAS levels in the PD group were significantly decreased compared to the KT group. TOS levels in the PD group were higher than in the HD and KT groups. CONCLUSION: The results showed that IDO levels were increased in peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients and in renal transplant recipients, while oxidative stress was found to be related to IDO activity and was most increased in the patients on peritoneal dialysis.

Bioactive Compounds, Chemical Composition, and Medicinal Value of the Giant Puffball, Calvatia gigantea (Higher Basidiomycetes), from Turkey.

In this study, the compositions of Calvatia gigantea were first analyzed in order to elucidate its chemical basis for development as a health-enhancing food or medicine. This study investigates the chemical composition (nutritional value; phenolic, sugar and fatty acid content; aroma compounds) and antioxidant properties (radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation) of C. gigantea. The results showed that C. gigantea contains phenolic compounds and sugars and is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (67.93%), proteins (34.37%), and carbohydrates (51.97%). The most abundant compounds were gentisic acid (23.26 µg/g; as a phenolic compound), trehalose (9.78 g/100g; as a sugar), and hexanal (34.71%; as an aroma compound). These findings suggest that C. gigantea might be a promising source of medicine and has the potential to be a health food and food supplementary product.

Free amino acid profiling in the giant puffball mushroom (Calvatia gigantea) using UPLC-MS/MS.

Wild edible and medicinal mushroom, Calvatia gigantea, was quantitatively analyzed for the determination of its free amino acids using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The concentrations of total free amino acids, essential and non-essential amino acids were 199.65 mg/100 g, 113.69 mg/100 g, and 85.96 mg/100 g in C. gigantea, respectively. This study showed that C. gigantea, so called a giant puffball mushroom, has free amino acids content. The essential amino acids: tryptophan, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, leucine, threonine, lysine, histidine, methionine, and the non-essential amino acids: tyrosine, 4-hyrdroxy proline, arginine, proline, glycine, serine, alanine, glutamine, glutamic acid, aspargine, aspartic acid were detected.

In vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activity studies on three Agaricus species with fatty acid compositions and iron contents: a comparative study on the three most edible mushrooms.

The fatty acids of Agaricus essettei, Agaricus bitorquis and Agaricus bisporus were investigated by using GC and GC-MS. The dominant fatty acids were found to be linoleic (61.82-67.29%) and palmitic (12.67-14.71%) acids among the 13 fatty acids detected in the oils. Total unsaturation for the oils was calculated as 77.50%, 77.44%, and 79.72%, respectively. In vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities were also studied. The ethyl acetate extract of Agaricus bitorquis showed the highest activity in ß-carotene-linoleic acid, DPPH(·) and ABTS(·)(+) assays, while the hexane extract of Agaricus bisporus exhibited the best metal chelating activity. The ethyl acetate and hexane extract of Agaricus bitorquis and the hexane extract of Agaricus essettei showed meaningful butyrylcholinesterase activity being close to that of galantamine. The extracts were found to be effective on Gram (+) bacteria, especially against Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus flavus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus. In conclusion, Agaricus bitorquis and Agaricus essettei demonstrated higher iron content, and better antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities than those of Agaricus bisporus commonly consumed mushroom. Hence, Agaricus species, particularly Agaricus bitorquis might be useful as antioxidant agents and moderate anticholinesterase agents, and their extracts will probably be used for development of dietary foods, food products and additives.