RESUMO
An early step in apoptosis is extrusion of reduced glutathione (GSH). Current assays for measuring apoptosis involve a number of incubation and washing steps, making them time consuming and laborious. Using two novel thiol reactive agents (VitaBright-43 and VitaBright-48) and a GSH specific probe; monochlorobimane, we investigated whether changes in the level of free thiols can be used as an apoptotic marker. Upon addition to cells the probes permeate the cell membrane and react with intracellular thiols, causing cellular fluorescence. Cytometric quantification of the cell fluorescence (without washing) can then be used to determine the population's cellular thiol level at the single cell level. Apoptotic traits such as phosphatidylserine externalisation, caspase activity and mitochondrial potential were investigated at different time points after induction of apoptosis and correlated to changes detected using the thiol probes. We found that though all three thiol probes could be used to detect changes in the level of free thiols correlating well with apoptotic markers, other properties such as detection of early versus late apoptosis and staining kinetics differed among the three probes. However, we suggest adding evaluation of the level of free thiols to the list of phenotypes which may be measured in order to detect apoptosis, as this provides a reliable and easy way of assaying apoptosis.
Assuntos
Apoptose , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Glutationa/química , Pirazóis/química , Compostos de Sulfidrila/química , Animais , Caspases/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Fibroblastos/patologia , Citometria de Fluxo , Células HeLa , Humanos , Células Jurkat , Cinética , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial , Camundongos , Oxirredução , Fosfatidilserinas/metabolismoRESUMO
We present here a novel probe, VitaBright-48, for the evaluation of the cellular level of reduced thiols. Using different cell lines and apoptogenic agents we show that a decrease in the level of reduced thiols correlates with well-known apoptotic markers such as phosphatidylserine translocation and caspase activity. The cell population to be investigated is added to the nonfluorescent stain VitaBright-48, which immediately permeates the cell membrane and reacts with intracellular thiols, forming a fluorescent compound. Quantification of the cell fluorescence directly after staining (without washing) can then be used to determine the population's cellular thiol level at the single cell level. Based on the results presented here, we suggest that measurement of changes in the level of free thiols should be added to the list of phenotypes which may be investigated in order to detect apoptosis.