RESUMO
Patient blood management (PBM) strategies are needed in the neonate and paediatric population, given that haemoglobin thresholds used are often higher than recommended by evidence, with exposure of children to potential complications without meaningful benefit. A literature review was performed on the following topics: evidence-based transfusions of blood components and pharmaceutical agents. Other topics reviewed included perioperative coagulation assessment and perioperative PBM. The Transfusion and Anaemia Expertise Initiative (TAXI) consortium published a consensus statement addressing haemoglobin (Hb) transfusion threshold in multiple subsets of patients. A multicentre trial (PlaNeT-2) reported a higher risk of bleeding and death or serious new bleeding among infants who received platelet transfusion at a higher (50 000/µl) compared to a lower (25 000/µl) threshold. Recent data support the use of a restrictive transfusion threshold of 25 000/µl for prophylactic platelet transfusions in preterm neonates. The TAXI-CAB consortium mentioned that in critically ill paediatric patients undergoing invasive procedures outside of the operating room, platelet transfusion might be considered when the platelet count is less than or equal to 20 000/µl and there is no benefit of platelet transfusion when the platelet count is more than 50 000/µl. There are limited controlled studies in paediatric and neonatal population regarding plasma transfusion. Blood conservation strategies to minimise allogenic blood exposure are essential to positive patient outcomes neonatal and paediatric transfusion practices have changed significantly in recent years since randomised controlled trials were published to guide practice. Additional studies are needed in order to provide practice change recommendations.
Assuntos
Anemia , Transfusão de Componentes Sanguíneos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Criança , Humanos , Adulto , Plasma , Transfusão de Sangue/métodos , Hemorragia , Transfusão de Plaquetas/métodos , Anemia/terapia , Hemoglobinas , Estudos Multicêntricos como AssuntoRESUMO
Mastocytosis is an orphan disease rarely encountered by practicing anesthesiologists. Children with mastocytosis often present for procedures or surgery requiring anesthesia. Because many of the medications commonly used in pediatric anesthesia have been reported to initiate mast cell activation, parents are often very anxious about their child's perioperative experience. Laboratory investigations of serum histamine assays associated with different anesthetic drugs have not been shown to predict mast cell degranulation in these patients. However, the pediatric literature suggests that children with disease limited to the skin rarely suffer serious side effects from anesthesia, and there are no reported fatalities. Preoperative prophylaxis is usually based on expert opinion and case reports. Detailed tables summarizing reports of anesthetic medications used for children with mastocytosis undergoing anesthesia, reported side effects, and suggested prophylaxis regimens are included in this review.
Assuntos
Anestesia/métodos , Mastocitose/fisiopatologia , Anestesia/efeitos adversos , Criança , Humanos , Período Perioperatório/métodosRESUMO
The safety and utility of pediatric epidural analgesia is well established, but the risk of permanent neurological injury is unknown and largely must be extrapolated from adult literature. In this article we present a series of 4 cases of longterm or permanent neurologic complications associated with epidural analgesia. Possible mechanisms of injury and implications for practice are discussed.
