A Hybrid Deep Learning Approach to Identify Preventable Childhood Hearing Loss.

OBJECTIVE: Childhood hearing loss has well-known, lifelong consequences. Infection-related hearing loss disproportionately affects underserved communities yet can be prevented with early identification and treatment. This study evaluates the utility of machine learning in automating tympanogram classifications of the middle ear to facilitate layperson-guided tympanometry in resource-constrained communities. DESIGN: Diagnostic performance of a hybrid deep learning model for classifying narrow-band tympanometry tracings was evaluated. Using 10-fold cross-validation, a machine learning model was trained and evaluated on 4810 pairs of tympanometry tracings acquired by an audiologist and layperson. The model was trained to classify tracings into types A (normal), B (effusion or perforation), and C (retraction), with the audiologist interpretation serving as reference standard. Tympanometry data were collected from 1635 children from October 10, 2017, to March 28, 2019, from two previous cluster-randomized hearing screening trials (NCT03309553, NCT03662256). Participants were school-aged children from an underserved population in rural Alaska with a high prevalence of infection-related hearing loss. Two-level classification performance statistics were calculated by treating type A as pass and types B and C as refer. RESULTS: For layperson-acquired data, the machine-learning model achieved a sensitivity of 95.2% (93.3, 97.1), specificity of 92.3% (91.5, 93.1), and area under curve of 0.968 (0.955, 0.978). The model's sensitivity was greater than that of the tympanometer's built-in classifier [79.2% (75.5, 82.8)] and a decision tree based on clinically recommended normative values [56.9% (52.4, 61.3)]. For audiologist-acquired data, the model achieved a higher AUC of 0.987 (0.980, 0.993), had an equivalent sensitivity of 95.2 (93.3, 97.1), and a higher specificity of 97.7 (97.3, 98.2). CONCLUSIONS: Machine learning can detect middle ear disease with comparable performance to an audiologist using tympanograms acquired either by an audiologist or a layperson. Automated classification enables the use of layperson-guided tympanometry in hearing screening programs in rural and underserved communities, where early detection of treatable pathology in children is crucial to prevent the lifelong adverse effects of childhood hearing loss.

Hearing care across the life course provided in the community.

Untreated hearing loss is recognized as a growing global health priority because of its prevalence and harmful effects on health and well-being. Until recently, little progress had been made in expanding hearing care beyond traditional clinic-based models to incorporate public health approaches that increase accessibility to and affordability of hearing care. As demonstrated in numerous countries and for many health conditions, sharing health-care tasks with community health workers (CHWs) offers advantages as a complementary approach to expand health-service delivery and improve public health. This paper explores the possibilities of task shifting to provide hearing care across the life course by reviewing several ongoing projects in a variety of settings - Bangladesh, India, South Africa and the United States of America. The selected programmes train CHWs to provide a range of hearing-care services, from childhood hearing screening to management of age-related hearing loss. We discuss lessons learnt from these examples to inform best practices for task shifting within community-delivered hearing care. Preliminary evidence supports the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of hearing care delivered by CHWs in these varied settings. To make further progress, community-delivered hearing care must build on established models of CHWs and ensure adequate training and supervision, delineation of the scope of practice, supportive local and national legislation, incorporation of appropriate technology and analysis of programme costs and cost-effectiveness. In view of the growing evidence, community-delivered hearing care may now be a way forward to improve hearing health equity.

La perte de l'acuité auditive non traitée est considérée comme une priorité sanitaire de plus en plus importante à l'échelle mondiale en raison de sa prévalence et de ses effets nocifs sur la santé et le bien-être. Jusqu'à récemment, peu de progrès avaient été accomplis pour développer les soins auditifs en dehors des modèles cliniques traditionnels de façon à intégrer des approches de santé publique permettant d'accroître l'accessibilité, notamment économique, des soins auditifs. Comme cela a été démontré dans de nombreux pays et pour de multiples problèmes de santé, transférer des tâches de soins de santé aux agents sanitaires des collectivités présente des avantages en tant qu'approche complémentaire permettant d'étendre la prestation des services de santé et d'améliorer la santé publique. Cette publication étudie les possibilités de transfert de tâches pour dispenser des soins auditifs tout au long de la vie en examinant plusieurs projets en cours à différents endroits ­ Bangladesh, Inde, Afrique du Sud et États-Unis d'Amérique. Les programmes sélectionnés apprennent aux agents sanitaires des collectivités à dispenser divers services de soins auditifs, du dépistage auditif chez les enfants à la gestion de la perte de l'acuité auditive liée à l'âge. Nous évoquons les leçons tirées de ces exemples pour définir les pratiques optimales concernant le transfert des tâches dans le cadre des soins auditifs dispensés dans des structures de proximité. Les observations préliminaires étayent la faisabilité, l'acceptabilité et l'efficacité des soins auditifs dispensés par les agents sanitaires des collectivités dans ces différents contextes. Pour continuer à progresser, les soins auditifs dispensés dans des structures de proximité doivent s'appuyer sur des modèles éprouvés d'agents sanitaires des collectivités. Il convient par ailleurs d'assurer une formation et une supervision adéquates, de délimiter le champ de pratique, d'adopter une législation locale et nationale favorable, d'intégrer une technologie appropriée et d'analyser les coûts du programme et le rapport coût-efficacité. Compte tenu du nombre croissant d'éléments d'appréciation, les soins auditifs dispensés dans des structures de proximité peuvent désormais constituer une solution pour améliorer l'équité en matière de santé auditive.

La pérdida de audición no tratada se reconoce como una prioridad sanitaria mundial cada vez mayor debido a su prevalencia y a sus efectos perjudiciales para la salud y el bienestar. Recientemente, se había avanzado poco en la expansión de la asistencia auditiva más allá de los modelos tradicionales basados en clínicas para incorporar enfoques de salud pública que aumenten la accesibilidad y asequibilidad de la asistencia auditiva. Como se ha demostrado en numerosos países y para muchas condiciones sanitarias, delegar las tareas de atención sanitaria a los trabajadores sanitarios de la comunidad (CHW) ofrece ventajas como enfoque complementario para ampliar la prestación de servicios sanitarios y mejorar la salud pública. Este documento explora las posibilidades de la delegación de funciones para ofrecer atención auditiva a lo largo de toda la vida mediante la revisión de distintos proyectos en curso en una variedad de entornos: Bangladesh, Estados Unidos de América, India y Sudáfrica. Los programas seleccionados capacitan a los CHW para que ofrezcan una amplia gama de servicios de atención auditiva, desde exámenes auditivos para la infancia hasta el tratamiento de la pérdida de audición relacionada con la edad. Discutimos las lecciones aprendidas de estos ejemplos para informar las mejores prácticas sobre la delegación de funciones dentro de la atención auditiva proporcionada en la comunidad. La evidencia preliminar apoya la factibilidad, aceptabilidad y efectividad de la atención auditiva proporcionada por los CHW en estos variados entornos. Para seguir avanzando, la atención auditiva proporcionada en la comunidad debe basarse en modelos establecidos de los CHW y garantizar una formación y supervisión adecuadas, la delimitación del campo de aplicación, el apoyo de la legislación local y nacional, la incorporación de la tecnología adecuada y el análisis de los costes de los programas y la relación coste-eficacia. En vista de las pruebas cada vez más numerosas, la atención auditiva proporcionada en la comunidad puede ser ahora una solución para mejorar la equidad en la salud auditiva.

CEDRA: A Tool to Help Consumers Assess Risk for Ear Disease.

This article introduces the Consumer Ear Disease Risk Assessment (CEDRA) tool. CEDRA is a brief questionnaire designed to screen for targeted ear diseases. It offers an opportunity for consumers to self-screen for disease before seeking a hearing device and may be used by clinicians to help their patients decide the appropriate path to follow in hearing healthcare. Here we provide highlights of previously published validation in the context of a more thorough description of CEDRA's development and implementation. CEDRA's sensitivity and specificity, using a cut-off score of 4 or higher, was 90% and 72%, respectively, relative to neurotologist diagnoses in the initial training sample used to create the scoring algorithm (n = 246). On a smaller independent test sample (n = 61), CEDRA's sensitivity and specificity were 76% and 80%, respectively. CEDRA has readability levels similar to many other patient-oriented questionnaires in hearing healthcare, and informal reports from pilot CEDRA-providers indicate that the majority of patients can complete it in less than 10 min. As the hearing healthcare landscape changes and provider intercession is no longer mandated, CEDRA provides a measure of safety without creating a barrier to access.

A Retrospective Estimate of Ear Disease Detection Using the "Red Flags" in a Clinical Sample.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of two red flag protocols in detecting ear diseases associated with changes in hearing. DESIGN: The presence of red-flag symptoms was determined in a chart review of 307 adult patients from the Mayo Clinic Florida Departments of Otorhinolaryngology and Audiology. Participants formed a convenience sample recruited for a separate study. Neurotologist diagnosis was the criterion for comparisons. RESULTS: Of the 251 patient files retained for analysis, 191 had one or more targeted diseases and 60 had age- or noise-related hearing loss. Food and Drug Administration red flags sensitivity was 91% (confidence interval [CI], 86 to 95%) and specificity was 72% (CI, 59 to 83%). American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery red flags sensitivity was 98% (CI, 95 to 99%) and specificity was 20% (CI, 11 to 32%). CONCLUSIONS: Stakeholders must determine which diseases are meaningful contraindications for hearing aid use and whether these red-flag protocols have acceptable levels of sensitivity and specificity. As direct-to-consumer models of hearing devices increase, a disease detection method that does not require provider intercession would be useful.