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Abstract Objective: the research was oriented to investigate the correlation between some executive functions (inhibitory control, risk-benefit calculation, cognitive flexibility, the planning ability, and decision making) and the general, dyadic and solitary sexual desire, sexual desire inhibition and disposition to sexual fantasies in a 17-to-30-year-old people sample. Method: An observational cross-sectional study in a purposive sample of 64 young college students, aged between17 and -30, who were in a couple relationship at the time of the study and gave their consent for their participation in the research. The participants completed the Neuropsychological Battery of Executive Functions and Frontal Lobes tasks (BANFE for its abbreviation in Spanish): Stroop, card games, card classification and Hanoi Tower, and it was administered the Inhibited Sexual Desire Test, the Sexual Desire Inventory (SDI-2) and the Scale of Attitude Towards Sexual Fantasies. Results: The results indicate a correlation between the executive functions and sexual desire; it was found a correlation between total and dyadic sexual desire and disposition towards sexual fantasies with inhibitory control; and the inhibited sexual desire was correlated to planning ability and inhibitory control. Discussion: Although the study presents some methodological limitations (size of the sample and need of a more rigorous validation of instruments in the Colombian population), the results confirm previous research findings, allowing to formulate new hypotheses in the field of sexuality and neurosciences. The study findings draw attention to the educational implications aimed to develop the executive functions in adolescents and young people to prevent risky sexual behavior.
Resumen Objetivo: El estudio se orientó a indagar la relación entre algunas funciones ejecutivas (FE) (control inhibitorio, cálculo de riesgo-beneficio, flexibilidad cognitiva, habilidad de planeación y toma de decisiones) con el deseo sexual general, diádico y solitario, inhibición del deseo sexual y disposición hacia las fantasías sexuales en una muestra de jóvenes entre 17 y 30 años. Método: Estudio de enfoque cuantitativo de corte transversal. Mediante un muestreo intencional por conveniencia se seleccionaron 64 jóvenes entre 17 y 30 años, estudiantes universitarios que se encontraban en una relación de pareja. Para evaluar las variables de las FE se utilizaron tareas de la Batería Neuropsicológica de Funciones Ejecutivas y Lóbulos Frontales (BANFE): Stroop, juego de cartas, clasificación de cartas y Torre de Hanoi, y las variables relacionadas con el deseo sexual fueron valoradas mediante el Test del Deseo Sexual Inhibido, el Inventario del Deseo Sexual (SDI-2, sigla de Sexual Desire Inventory) y la Escala de la Actitud hacia las Fantasías Sexuales. Resultados: Se encontraron correlaciones entre las variables del deseo sexual, disposición hacia las fantasías sexuales y el deseo sexual inhibido; deseo sexual total y diádico y disposición hacia las fantasías sexuales correlacionó con el control inhibitorio; y el deseo sexual inhibido correlacionó con la planificación y el control de impulsos. Discusión: Los hallazgos del estudio llaman la atención sobre las implicaciones educativas encaminadas a desarrollar las funciones ejecutivas en adolescentes y jóvenes con el fin prevenir conductas sexuales de riesgo.
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Abstract Introduction: Continuous increase in the use of social networks and the Internet, especially in the adolescent population, requires an in-depth study of the phenomenon, identifying its problematic use and the factors related to a possible risk of addiction. Objective: Evaluate the risk of addiction to social networks and the Internet and its relationship with life and social-emotional skills in a sample of adolescents. Method: A non-experimental correlational-level quantitative study was carried out, with the sample of 221 students from a public school. Was aplied the Adolescent Risk Scale for Addiction to Social Media and Internet, Life Skills Scale and some scales to assess socio-emotional skills. Results: Was found a medium level of risk of addiction in the study sample M 2,5 (Dt 0,6), showing the statistically significant difference in addiction symptoms (p=0,001), social use (p=0,044) and nomophobia (p=0,002) with the higher scores in the female gender, and in friki traits (p=0,001) with the higher scores in the male gender. Scores between M 1,4 (Dt 0,2) and M 2,0 (Dt 0,8) indicated a low level of life skills, with a statistically significant difference in all ten constitutive dimensions with the higher scores in the female gender. The socio-emotional skills was indicated the statistically significant difference in self-esteem (p=0,002), self-efficacy (p=0,000), life satisfaction (p=0,001) and tolerance to frustration (p=0,001) with the higher scores in the male gender. Resilience (p=0,019) and social skills (p=0,015) were significantly higher in women. Were identified negative correlations between variables: total risk of addiction with life skills (r=-0,475/p=0,009); friki traits with empathy (r=-0,140/p=0,037), emotion management (r=-0,159/ p=0,018), resilience (r=-0,245/p=0,000) and self-efficacy (r=-0,238/p=0,000); nomophobia with self-efficacy (r=-0,163/p=0,015) and frustration tolerance (r=-0,223/p=0,001); addiction symptoms with life satisfaction (r=-0,119/p=0,008) and tolerance to frustration (r=-0,357/p=0,000); social use of networks with the management of tensions and stress (r=-0,169/p=0,012). Also, positive correlations were identified between the use of social networks and some dimensions of social skills. Conclusions: The deficiencies in the soft skills of adolescents could be related to the increased risk of adiction to social networks and the Internet. On the other hand, a good development of these skills, added to other protective factors, could contribute to a responsible and careful management of the virtual world.
Resumo Introdução: O aumento contínuo do uso das redes sociais e da Internet, principalmente na população adolescente, requer um aprofundamento do fenômeno, identificando tanto seu uso problemático quanto os fatores relacionados a um possível risco de dependência. Objetivo: Avaliar o risco de dependência às redes sociais e à Internet e sua relação com habilidades de vida e socioemocionais em uma amostra de adolescentes. Método: Estudo quantitativo, não experimental, correlacional, com desenho transversal; A amostra foi composta por 221 alunos de uma escola pública; A Rede Social e Escala de Risco de Dependência da Internet (ERA-RSI), escala de habilidades para a vida e várias escalas foram usadas para avaliar habilidades socioemocionais. Resultados: Um nível médio de risco de dependência foi identificado na amostra do estudo M 2,5 (Dt 0,6), mostrando a diferença estatisticamente significativa nos sintomas de dependência (p=0,001), uso social (p=0,044) e nomofobia (p=0,002 ) em favor do gênero feminino e em traços geek (p=0,001) em favor do gênero masculino. Escores entre M 1,4 (Dt 0,2) e M 2,0 (Dt 0,8) indicaram baixo nível de habilidades para a vida, com diferença estatisticamente significativa em todas as dez dimensões constitutivas a favor do gênero feminino. As habilidades socioemocionais mostraram uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na autoestima (p=0,002), autoeficácia (p=0,000), satisfação com a vida (p=0,001) e tolerância à frustração (p=0,001) a favor do gênero masculino. Resiliência (p=0,019) e habilidades sociais (p=0,015) foram significativamente maiores nas mulheres. Foram identificadas correlações negativas entre as variáveis: risco total de dependência com habilidades para a vida (r=-0,475 / p=0,009); Traços de geek com empatia (r=-0,140 / p=0,037), gerenciamento de emoção (r=-0,159 / p=0,018), resiliência (r=-0,245 / p=0,000) e autoeficácia (r=-0,238 / p=0,000); Nomofobia com autoeficácia (r=-0,163 / p=0,015) e tolerância à frustração (r=-0,223 / p=0,001); sintomas de vício com satisfação com a vida (r=-0,119 / p=0,008) e tolerância à frustração (r=-0,357 / p=0,000); uso social de redes com o gerenciamento de tensões e estresse (r=-0,169 / p=0,012). Da mesma forma, foram identificadas correlações positivas entre o uso de redes sociais e várias dimensões constituintes das habilidades sociais. Conclusões: As deficiências nas soft skills de adolescentes podem estar relacionadas ao aumento do risco de dependência de redes sociais e Internet. Por outro lado, um bom desenvolvimento dessas habilidades, somado a outros fatores de proteção, pode contribuir para uma gestão responsável e cuidadosa do mundo virtual.
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Large areas polluted with toxic heavy metals or radionuclides were formed as a side product of rapid industrial development of human society. Plants, due to their sessile nature, should adapt to these challenging genotoxic environmental conditions and develop resistance. Herein, we evaluated the response of three natural ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh (Oasis, Columbia-0, and Chernobyl-07) to cadmium, using discovery gel-based proteomics. These accessions are differing by level of tolerance to heavy metal probably achieved by various exposure to chronic ionizing radiation. Based on the pairwise comparison (control versus cadmium-treated) we recognized 5.8-13.4% of identified proteins as significantly altered at the presence of cadmium. Although the majority of photosynthesis-related proteins were found to be less abundant in all ecotypes it was noted that in contrast to the sensitive variants (Col and Oas), the tolerant Che accession may activate the mechanism preserving photosynthesis and energy production. Also, proteins modulating energy budget through alternative route and mediating higher resistance to heavy metals were upregulated in this ecotype. Although we suggest that regulation of enzymes acting in peptide and protein synthesis, protection of the plants against various abiotic stresses, or those neutralizing the effects of reactive oxygen species are rather associated with general response to cadmium, they were found to be altered more intensively in the Che accession. Thus, the identified affected proteins may represent good candidate molecules for molecular breeding to improve tolerance of crops to heavy metal stress.