Allosteric inhibition of CXCR1 and CXCR2 abrogates Th2/Th17-associated Allergic Lung Inflammation in Mice.

Background: IL4, IL5, IL13, and IL17-producing CD4 T helper 2 (Th2)-cells and IL17-producing CD4 T helper 17 (Th17)-cells contribute to chronic eosinophilic and neutrophilic airway inflammation in asthma and allergic airway inflammation. Chemokines and their receptors are upregulated in Th2/Th17-mediated inflammation. However, the ability of CXCR1 and CXCR2 modulate Th2 and Th17-cell-mediated allergic lung inflammation has not been reported. Methods: Mice sensitized and challenged with cat dander extract (CDE) mount a vigorous Th2-Th17-mediated allergic lung inflammation. Allosteric inhibitor of CXCR1 and CXCR2, ladarixin was orally administered in this model. The ability of ladarixin to modulate allergen-challenge induced recruitment of CXCR1 and CXCR2-expressing Th2 and Th17-cells and allergic lung inflammation were examined. Results: Allergen challenge in sensitized mice increased mRNA expression levels of Il4, Il5, Il13, Il6, Il1ß, Tgfß1, Il17, Il23, Gata3, and Rorc , and induced allergic lung inflammation characterized by recruitment of CXCR1- and CXCR2-expressing Th2-cells, Th17-cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils. Allosteric inhibition of CXCR1 and CXCR2 vigorously blocked each of these pro-inflammatory effects of allergen challenge. CXCL chemokines induced a CXCR1 and CXCR2-dependent proliferation of IL4, IL5, IL13, and IL17 expressing T-cells. Conclusion: Allosteric inhibition of CXCR1 and CXCR2 abrogates blocks recruitment of CXCR1- and CXCR2-expressing Th2-cells, Th17-cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils in this mouse model of allergic lung inflammation. We suggest that the ability of allosteric inhibition of CXCR1 and CXCR2 to abrogate Th2 and Th17-mediated allergic inflammation should be investigated in humans.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Emergency Departments to Improve Wait Times: Protocol for an Integrative Living Review.

BACKGROUND: Long wait times in the emergency department (ED) are a major issue for health care systems all over the world. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) is a novel strategy to reduce ED wait times when compared to the interventions included in previous research endeavors. To date, comprehensive systematic reviews that include studies involving AI applications in the context of EDs have covered a wide range of AI implementation issues. However, the lack of an iterative update strategy limits the use of these reviews. Since the subject of AI development is cutting edge and is continuously changing, reviews in this area must be frequently updated to remain relevant. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to provide a summary of the evidence that is currently available regarding how AI can affect ED wait times; discuss the applications of AI in improving wait times; and periodically assess the depth, breadth, and quality of the evidence supporting the application of AI in reducing ED wait times. METHODS: We plan to conduct a living systematic review (LSR). Our strategy involves conducting continuous monitoring of evidence, with biannual search updates and annual review updates. Upon completing the initial round of the review, we will refine the search strategy and establish clear schedules for updating the LSR. An interpretive synthesis using Whittemore and Knafl's framework will be performed to compile and summarize the findings. The review will be carried out using an integrated knowledge translation strategy, and knowledge users will be involved at all stages of the review to guarantee applicability, usability, and clarity of purpose. RESULTS: The literature search was completed by September 22, 2023, and identified 17,569 articles. The title and abstract screening were completed by December 9, 2023. In total, 70 papers were eligible. The full-text screening is in progress. CONCLUSIONS: The review will summarize AI applications that improve ED wait time. The LSR enables researchers to maintain high methodological rigor while enhancing the timeliness, applicability, and value of the review. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/52612.

Racial and sociodemographic distribution of colorectal cancer screening in Canada: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the racial and sociodemographic distribution of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening uptake in Canada, identify disparities, and evaluate the potential predictors and barriers to CRC screening. METHODS: Data from the 2017 cycle of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) were analyzed, focusing on individuals aged 50-74 years. CRC screening participation rates were evaluated at both national and provincial levels and across various sociodemographic characteristics. Multivariable logistic regression models were employed to identify predictors and barriers to CRC screening. RESULTS: Of the 56,950 respondents to the 2017 CCHS, 41.7% (n = 23,727) were between 50 and 74 years of age. The overall CRC screening participation rate was 59.8%, with provinces like Alberta and Manitoba achieving rates of 65.7% and 66.5%, respectively. Significant disparities were observed across socioeconomic, geographical, and racial or ethnic groups. Notably, older adults [AOR 2.41, 95% CI 2.06‒2.83], higher income earners [AOR 1.99, 95% CI 1.77‒2.24], and non-smokers [AOR 1.76, 95% CI 1.55‒2.0] had higher odds of screening, while immigrants and minority ethnic groups, especially South-East Asians [AOR 0.48, 95% CI 0.29‒0.78] and South Asians [AOR 0.65, 95% CI 0.44‒0.95], had lower odds of being up to date with CRC screening. A significant portion of unscreened individuals cited their healthcare provider's perception of the test as unnecessary. CONCLUSION: While there is promising progress in CRC screening participation rates across Canada, significant disparities persist. Addressing these disparities is crucial for public health. Efforts should focus on enhancing public awareness, facilitating accessibility, and ensuring cultural appropriateness of CRC screening initiatives.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIFS: Évaluer la distribution raciale et sociodémographique de la participation au dépistage du cancer colorectal (CCR) au Canada, identifier les disparités et évaluer les potentiels prédicteurs et obstacles au dépistage du CCR. MéTHODES: Les données du cycle 2017 de l'Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes (ESCC) ont été analysées, en se concentrant sur les individus âgés de 50 à 74 ans. Les taux de participation au dépistage du CCR ont été évalués à la fois au niveau national et provincial et selon diverses caractéristiques sociodémographiques. Des modèles de régression logistique multivariée ont été utilisés pour identifier les prédicteurs et les obstacles au dépistage du CCR. RéSULTATS: Sur les 56 950 répondants à l'ESCC 2017, 41,7% (n = 23 727) étaient âgés de 50 à 74 ans. Le taux global de participation au dépistage du CCR était de 59,8%, des provinces comme l'Alberta et le Manitoba atteignant des taux de 65,7% et 66,5% respectivement. Des disparités significatives ont été observées selon les groupes socioéconomiques, géographiques et raciaux ou ethniques. Notamment, les personnes âgées [AOR 2,41, IC 95% 2,06‒2,83], les personnes à revenu élevé [AOR 1,99 IC 95% 1,77‒2,24] et les non-fumeurs [AOR 1,76, IC 95% 1,55‒2,0] avaient des chances plus élevées de dépistage, tandis que les immigrants et les groupes ethniques minoritaires, en particulier les Asiatiques du Sud-Est [AOR 0,48, IC 95% 0,29‒0,78] et les Asiatiques du Sud [AOR 0,65, IC 95% 0,44‒0,95] avaient moins de chances d'être à jour avec le dépistage du CCR. Une part significative des individus non dépistés a cité la perception de leur prestataire de soins de santé selon laquelle le test était inutile. CONCLUSION: Bien qu'il y ait une progression prometteuse des taux de participation au dépistage du CCR au Canada, des disparités significatives persistent. Il est crucial pour la santé publique de s'attaquer à ces disparités. Les efforts devraient se concentrer sur l'amélioration de la sensibilisation du public, la facilitation de l'accessibilité et la garantie de l'adéquation culturelle des initiatives de dépistage du CCR.

The Point-of-Care Peritoneal Dialysis System Early Evaluation Study (POC-PDEE): A pilot proof-of-principal study of the Ellen Medical Devices Point-of-Care affordable peritoneal dialysis system.

The global unmet need for kidney replacement therapy means that millions of people die every year as they cannot afford treatment. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) offers comparable survival to haemodialysis and is often more affordable, but one barrier to increasing access is that conventional manufacturing and distribution of PD fluid is costly. Here we report the results from a pilot proof-of-principal study demonstrating for the first time that the Ellen Medical Devices Point-of-Care system can be used by patients to produce sterile PD fluid at the point-of-care. With further development, this low-cost system could offer a solution to the many millions of people around the world who currently cannot afford treatment for kidney failure.

Dental Insurance Coverage, Dentist Visiting, and Oral Health Status among Asian Immigrant Women of Childbearing Age in Canada: A Comparative Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the dental insurance coverage, dentist visits, self-perceived oral health status, and dental problems among Asian immigrant women of childbearing age in contrast to Canadian women of childbearing age and non-Asian immigrant women of childbearing age. Potential barriers to dental care services among Asian immigrant women were explored. METHODS: This analysis utilized data from the combined Canadian Community Health Survey from 2011 to 2014. The analytical sample consisted of 5737 females whose age was between 20 and 39 years. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed immigrant status and other factors in relation to the indicators of dental health (i.e., dental visit, self-perceived oral health, acute teeth issue, and teeth removed due to decay). RESULTS: Amongst Asian women immigrants of childbearing age, there was a significantly lower frequency of dentist visits compared to non-immigrant counterparts (OR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.37-0.76). The most commonly reported reason for not seeking dental care in the last three years was that the "respondent did not think it was necessary". Relative to Canadian born women of same age bracket, Asian women of childbearing age reported fewer acute teeth issues (OR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.49-0.91) and had a greater risk of tooth extracted due to tooth decay (OR = 3.31; 95% CI: 1.64-6.68). Furthermore, for Asian women immigrants, their major barriers to dental care included low household income (≤$39,999 vs. $40,000-$79,999 OR = 0.26) and a lack of dental insurance (no vs. yes OR = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: Asian immigrant women showed lower utilization of dental services than non-immigrant women. A perceived lack of necessity, lower household income, and dental insurance coverage were major barriers to professional dental usage for most Asian immigrants of childbearing age.

Dental health status, dentist visiting, and dental insurance of Asian immigrants in Canada.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the dental care utilization and self-preserved dental health of Asian immigrants relative to non-immigrants in Canada. Factors associated with oral health-related disparities between Asian immigrants and other Canadians were further examined. METHODS: We analyzed 37,935 Canadian residents aged 12 years and older in the Canadian Community Health Survey 2012-2014 microdata file. Factors (e.g., demographics, socioeconomic status, lifestyles, dental insurance coverage, and year of immigration) associated with disparities in dental health (e.g., self-perceived teeth health, dental symptoms during past one month, and teeth removed due to decay in past one year) and service utilization (e.g., visiting dentist within the last three years, visiting dentist more than once per year) between Asian immigrants and other Canadians were examined using multi-variable logistic regression models. RESULTS: The frequency of dental care utilization was significantly lower in Asian immigrants than their non-immigrant counterparts. Asian immigrants had lower self-perceived dental health, were less likely to be aware of recent dental symptoms, and more likely to report tooth extractions due to tooth decay. Low education (OR = 0.42), male gender(OR = 1.51), low household income(OR = 1.60), non-diabetes(OR = 1.87), no dental insurance(OR = 0.24), short immigration length (OR = 1.75) may discourage Asian immigrants from dental care utilization. Additionally, a perceived lack of necessity to dentist-visiting was a crucial factor accounting for the disparities in dental care uptake between Asian immigrants and non-immigrants. CONCLUSION: Asian immigrants showed lower dental care utilization and oral health than native-born Canadians.

Dietary exposure to thyroid disrupting chemicals: a community-based study in Canada.

The marine ecosystem around the Island of Newfoundland is contaminated by thyroid disrupting chemicals (TDCs). Coastal inhabitants may be exposed to TDCs through consumption of contaminated local seafood products and affecting thyroid functions. The aim of this study was to explore: (1) consumption frequency of local seafood products consumed by rural residents, (2) thyroid hormones (THs) and TDCs concentrations in residents, (3) relationships between local seafood consumption, TDC concentrations, and THs. Participants (n = 80) were recruited from two rural Newfoundland communities. Seafood consumption was measured through a validated seafood consumption questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from all participants and tested for THs (thyroid stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine) and TDCs, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE). Cod was the most frequently consumed local species, but there was a wide range of other local species consumed. Older participants (>50 years) had greater plasma concentrations of PBB-153, PCBs and p,p'-DDE, and males had higher concentrations of all TDCs than females. The consumption frequency of local cod was found to be positively associated with several PCB congeners, p,p'-DDE and ∑14TDCs. There was no significant relationship between TDCs and THs in either simple or multivariate linear regression analyses.

Contrast-Enhanced In-Phase Dixon Sequence: Impact on Biopsy Clip Detection on Breast MRI.

BACKGROUND. Identification of breast biopsy clips using conventional MRI sequences may be challenging. A contrast-enhanced in-phase Dixon sequence may have greater conspicuity for areas of susceptibility compared with standard clinical sequences. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to compare detection of breast biopsy clips on MRI between the contrast-enhanced in-phase Dixon sequence and three routine clinical sequences. METHODS. This retrospective study included 164 patients (mean age, 50.3 years) with a total of 281 breast biopsy clips who underwent contrast-enhanced breast MRI between January 2, 2019, and April 16, 2020. Three radiologists, blinded to the clip location and sequence used, independently annotated biopsy clip locations on three clinical sequences (T1-weighted non-fat-suppressed [NFS], STIR, and first phase from dynamic contrast-enhanced T1-weighted fat-suppressed [FS]) and on a contrast-enhanced in-phase Dixon sequence and then recorded confidence scores (1-4 scale). A study coordinator used all available imaging and reports to localize clips on MRI, which served as the reference standard. A physicist measured clip CNR. Sequences were compared using the McNemar test and two-tailed Wilcoxon signed rank tests. RESULTS. Among the three readers, pooled sensitivity and PPV were 78.2% and 96.2% for T1-weighted NFS, 26.6% and 92.7% for STIR, 61.7% and 95.9% for contrast-enhanced T1-weighted FS, and 85.1% and 95.1% for contrast-enhanced in-phase Dixon sequence. Pooled sensitivity was higher for contrast-enhanced in-phase Dixon sequence than for the other sequences (all p < .05); pooled PPV was not significantly different between contrast-enhanced in-phase Dixon and the other sequences (all p > .05). Mean confidence scores (pooled across readers for true-positive assessments) and mean CNR were 3.0 ± 0.9 (SD) and 1.21 ± 0.61 for T1-weighted NFS, 1.7 ± 0.9 and 0.57 ± 0.69 for STIR, 2.5 ± 1.0 and 0.54 ± 0.61 for contrast-enhanced T1-weighted FS, and 3.5 ± 0.8 and 4.05 ± 2.6 for the contrast-enhanced in-phase Dixon sequence. Pooled mean confidence scores and CNR were higher for contrast-enhanced in-phase Dixon than for the other sequences (all p < .001). CONCLUSION. Compared with clinical sequences, the contrast-enhanced in-phase Dixon sequence had higher sensitivity for detecting breast biopsy clips on MRI and higher reader confidence and CNR, without change in PPV. CLINICAL IMPACT. The contrast-enhanced in-phase Dixon sequence may help address a current challenge in clinical breast MRI interpretation.

Chronic exposure to carbon black ultrafine particles reprograms macrophage metabolism and accelerates lung cancer.

Chronic exposure to airborne carbon black ultrafine (nCB) particles generated from incomplete combustion of organic matter drives IL-17A-dependent emphysema. However, whether and how they alter the immune responses to lung cancer remains unknown. Here, we show that exposure to nCB particles increased PD-L1+ PD-L2+ CD206+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs), exhausted T cells, and Treg cells. Lung macrophages that harbored nCB particles showed selective mitochondrial structure damage and decreased oxidative respiration. Lung macrophages sustained the HIF1α axis that increased glycolysis and lactate production, culminating in an immunosuppressive microenvironment in multiple mouse models of non-small cell lung cancers. Adoptive transfer of lung APCs from nCB-exposed wild type to susceptible mice increased tumor incidence and caused early metastasis. Our findings show that nCB exposure metabolically rewires lung macrophages to promote immunosuppression and accelerates the development of lung cancer.

A Survey of Environmental Sustainability Practices in Dialysis Facilities in Australia and New Zealand.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Climate change is the biggest global health threat of the twenty-first century. Health care itself is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and dialysis programs contribute disproportionately. Nephrology societies have called for increased recognition and action to minimize the environmental effect of dialysis care, but little data exist regarding environmental sustainability practices within dialysis facilities worldwide. This survey reports a baseline of environmental sustainability practices of dialysis facilities in Australia and New Zealand. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: An online survey was used to collect data regarding key areas of environmental sustainability practices within dialysis facilities between November 2019 and December 2020. An invitation to complete the survey was sent to the heads of all dialysis facilities in Australia and New Zealand. RESULTS: Responses were received from 132 dialysis facilities, representing 33% (122 of 365) of dialysis services within Australia and New Zealand. Most responses were from public satellite facilities (53 of 132; 40%), in-center dialysis facilities (33 of 132; 25%), and co-located dialysis and home therapies facilities (28 of 132; 21%). Opportunities for improvement in environmental sustainability practices were identified in three domains. (1) Culture. A minority of facilities reported having an environmental sustainability strategy in place (44 of 132; 33%) or undertaking sustainability audits (27 of 132; 20%). Only 7% (nine of 132) reported the inclusion of environmental training in staff induction programs. (2) Building design, infrastructure, and energy use. Few facilities reported the use of renewable energy (18 of 132; 14%), reclaiming reverse osmosis reject water (16 of 126; 13%), or the use of motion-sensor light switches (58 of 131; 44%). (3) Operations. A minority of facilities reported waste management education (47 of 131; 36%), auditing waste generation (23 of 132; 17%), or that environmental sustainability was considered in procurement decisions (33 of 132; 25%). CONCLUSIONS: Environmental sustainability is not currently prioritized in clinical practice, building design and infrastructure, or management systems in Australian and New Zealand dialysis facilities responding to this survey.

Sicyopterus garra Hora, 1925, a valid species of sicydiine goby from the Andaman Islands, India.

Sicyopterus garra Hora, 1925 from the insular streams of South Andaman Islands was synonymized with Sicyopterus microcephalus described from Java, South East Asia and has retained this taxonomic status since then. Recent collections of Sicyopterus from the type locality of S. garra and the examination of syntypes of this species revealed significant morphological and genetic differences from S. microcephalus and the other Sicyopterus species with papillae on upper lip. S. garra is thus a valid species and not a synonym of S. microcephalus. S. garra differs from S. microcephalus in having fewer lateral scales 53-59 vs. 57-68, fewer zigzag series (12-14 vs. 13-16), a longer caudal peduncle length (16-21 vs. 13-17), and by having a high percentage of divergence in COI gene (5.5%-5.8%).

Patient and Radiologist Demographics Influence Perceptions of Screening Mammography Reports.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to test whether patient and radiologist demographics influence perceptions of screening mammography reports and the interpreting radiologist. METHODS: Patients presenting for breast imaging were surveyed. Demographics were collected, and each participant was shown five mock screening mammography reports with BI-RADS category 2 findings, each with a recommendation for 1-year screening. Each report included a picture of the interpreting radiologist, who was Black or White and male or female. Participants answered seven questions, on a Likert-type scale, about understanding, satisfaction, and trust in the report and radiologist. Generalized estimating equation ordinal logistic regression compared responses on the basis of participant and radiologist demographics. RESULTS: A total of 178 women participated, with a mean age of 55.1 ± 10.2 years. Most participants self-identified as White (71%) or Black (20%) and non-Hispanic (98%), with broad educational representation (28% with bachelor's degrees and 28% with master's degrees). After controlling for demographics, Black participants reported greater agreement regarding trust in the report's finding (P = .037) if the radiologist was also Black. Black participants were less likely to be satisfied in the report quality (P = .043). Additionally, participants without any college education reported lower agreement that they were satisfied with the report quality (P = .020) and felt the radiologist cares about his or her patients (P = .037). There were no significant associations for radiologist sex or participant age. CONCLUSIONS: Participant perceptions of screening mammography reports and the interpreting radiologist can be influenced by participant and provider race as well as participant education. These findings could have implications for mammography adherence, breast radiologist recruitment, and developing patient-centric reports.

Generating Competent Special Operations Clinicians From Military Graduate Medical Education.

Units within the Special Operations Forces (SOF) community require medically competent and operationally proficient medical providers (physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners, among others) to support complex mission sets. The expectations placed on providers who successfully assess for and are selected into these units are high. These providers are not only expected to be experts in their respective subspecialities, but also to serve as staff officers, provide medical direction for SOF medics, serve as medical advisors to the command team, and provide direct medical support for kinetic operations. They are expected to perform these functions with little oversight and guidance and when geographically separated from higher units. Graduates from military Graduate Medical Education (GME) programs are extremely well-educated and can provide high quality medical care. However, they often find themselves ill-prepared for the extra demands placed upon them by the Special Operations community due to a lack of operational exposure. The authors of this paper recognized this gap and propose that the Joint Emergency Medicine Exercise (JEMX) model can help augment the body of knowledge required to perform well as a provider in a Special Operations unit.

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Marine Fish and Dietary Exposure in Newfoundland.

Presence of PBDEs tested in 127 liver samples from Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) and Turbot (Scophthalmus Maximus) and 80 adult participants from two rural Newfoundland communities. Seafood consumption was measured through a validated seafood consumption questionnaire. PBDEs (-28, -47, -99, -156, and -209) were found in all fish liver samples, and PBB-153 and PBDEs-28, -47, -99, -100, -153 were identified as the most prominent congeners from the participants' serum samples. Cod was the most frequently consumed species in the seafood consumption survey. PBB-153 was higher amongst older (> 50 years age) participants (p < 0.0001), however, no PBDE congeners were significantly different by age. PBB-153 (p = 0.001), PBDE-153 (p = 0.006), and 5PBDE (p = 0.008) levels were significantly higher in males. The study shows that the marine ecosystem around Newfoundland has been contaminated by PBDEs, and that rural coastal residents are potentially exposed to these contaminants through local seafood consumption.

Longitudinal costs and health service utilisation associated with primary care reforms in Ontario: a retrospective cohort study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Over the last 20 years, the Canadian province of Ontario implemented several new models of primary care focusing on changes to physician remuneration, clinics led by nurse practitioners and the introduction of interprofessional primary care teams. Health outcome and cost evaluations of these models thus far have been mostly cross-sectional and in some cases results from these studies were conflicting. The aim of this population-based study is to investigate short, medium and long-term effectiveness of these reforms over the past 15-20 years. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is the protocol for a retrospective cohort study including fee-for-service (FFS) and community health centre cohorts (control cohorts) or patients who switched from either being unattached or from FFS to a new practice model (eg, capitation, enhanced FFS, team, nurse practitioner-led) from 1997 to 2020. The primary outcome is total healthcare costs and secondary outcomes are primary care costs, other (non-primary care) health costs, hospitalisations, length of stay, emergency department visits, accessibility and mortality. A combination of hard and propensity matching will be used where relevant. Outcomes will be adjusted for demographic and health factors and measured annually. Interrupted time series models will be used where data permits and difference-in-differences methods will be used otherwise. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval has been received from Queens University and Memorial University. The dissemination plan includes conference presentations, papers, brief evidence summaries targeted at select audiences and knowledge brokering sessions with key stakeholders.

STAT6 Blockade Abrogates Aspergillus-Induced Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Asthma, A Model of Unified Airway Disease.

Unified airway disease, including concurrent asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), is a common, but poorly understood disorder with no curative treatment options. To establish a murine model of chronic unified eosinophilic airway inflammation, mice were challenged with Aspergillus niger, and sinonasal mucosa and lung tissue were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and gene expression. Inhalation of A niger conidia resulted in a Th2-biased lung and sinus inflammation that typifies allergic asthma and CRS. Gene network and pathway analysis correlated with human disease with upregulation of not only the JAK-STAT and helper T-cell pathways, but also less expected pathways governing the spliceosome, osteoclast differentiation, and coagulation pathways. Utilizing a specific inhibitor and gene-deficient mice, we demonstrate that STAT6 is required for mycosis-induced sinus inflammation. These findings confirm the relevance of this new model and portend future studies that further extend our understanding of the immunopathologic basis of airway mycosis and unified airway disease.