[Polymerase chain reaction]. / Polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu.

The PCR is a method for obtaining millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence in vitro. It appears that this method will lead to several developments in the diagnosis and treatment of many disorders. Especially in genetics and infectious diseases successful results have been achieved. Abnormal gene or infectious agents' genes which may be in less amount in clinical specimens can be amplified with this method. In this way PCR can provide enough genetic material for further diagnostic analysis.

[Recombinant DNA technology]. / Rekombinant DNA teknolojisi.

Recombinant DNA technology is a method depending on realization of genetic recombination events artificially. It became possible to obtain any ordered gene or its product with this method. Before production step, ordered gene is derived from original chromosome by endonuclease enzyme and integrated to a vector as a plasmid or a phage. After that this vector is transformed into a bacterium or a yeast. Then ordered gene or protein is produced in desired amounts by culturing these microorganisms.

[Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from various clinical specimens and their antibiotic susceptibilities]. / Cesitli klinik örneklerden izole edilen Haemophilus influenzae suslari ve antibiyotiklere duyarliliklari.

In this study, a bacteriological examination was performed in the specimens of nose, ear and conjunctiva taken from 135 patients aged between 0-6 years old and 335 patients aged more than six years old for the isolation of H. influenzae. Ten H. influenzae strains were isolated, six of them were type b. Seven isolates were from 0-6 years old group (5.2%). All strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol, three strains were resistant to ampicillin with Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.

[Grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from clinical specimens and their sensitivity to penicillin G]. / Cesitli klinik örneklerden izole edilen beta hemolitik streptokoklarin gruplandirilmasi ve penisilin G'ye duyarliliklarinin arastirilmasi.

260 beta hemolytic streptococci were isolated from clinical specimens sent to Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Anadolu University between September 1988 - September 1989. They were grouped according to their sensitivity to bacitracin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) and also serologically. Of 260 isolates, 83.8% were group A, 1.2% group B, 6.5% group C, 3.5% group D and 5% were group G. All of 121 group A isolates confirmed serologically were susceptible to bacitracin. Excluded 9 strains, all of them were resistant to SXT. Other groups were mostly resistant to bacitracin. While group C and G generally were susceptible to SXT, B and D were resistant. Streptococci were documented according to distribution of clinical specimens. From throat 191 group A, 16 group C, 1 group D and 11 group G; from nose 7 group A; from pus 19 group A, 4 group D and 1 group G; from vagina 1 group A, 3 group B, 2 group D and 1 group G; from urine 2 group D; from blood 1 group C were isolated. All isolates were tested for penicillin G sensitivity by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. While one of three group B strains and four of eight group D strains were resistant to penicillin G, all the other isolates were susceptible to penicillin G.

[Salmonella enteritidis serovar tarshyne strains isolated from fecal specimens]. / Fekal örneklerden izole edilen Salmonella enteritidis serovar tarshyne suslari.

Seven Salmonella enteritidis serovar tarshyne strains were isolated from fecal specimens in 1989 and 1990 summer months.

[Antibiotic susceptibility of group A streptococci isolated from throat swabs]. / Bogaz sürüntülerinden izole edilen Grup A streptokoklarin antibiyotik duyarlilik sonuçlari.

Group A Streptococci strains which are isolated from throat cultures were evaluated for the susceptibility of antibiotics. All Group A Streptococci strains were penicillin sensitive. The other antibiotic sensitiveness were also indicated in this report.

[Lymphocyte population and T lymphocyte subsets in brucellosis analyzed by monoclonal antibodies]. / Brusellozisde lenfosit popülasyonlari ve T-lenfosit alt gruplarinin monoklonal antikorlar ile degerlendirilmesi.

In this study, T-lymphocyte subsets and HLA-DR antigen (+) cells in the peripheral blood of 19 patients with acute brucellosis were determined and the results were compared to 19 healthy control subjects. Our findings suggest that exposure of the immune system to brucella microorganism and related antigens results in an increase in the circulating "activated" cell numbers (HLA-DR+) without significant alterations in the subpopulations of peripheral blood lymphocytes.

[The fungal flora of the air in the villages around Carsamba, Northern Turkey]. / Carsamba Kizilot Saglik Ocagina bagli köylerde havanin fungal florasi.

The fungal flora of the air was investigated in 13 villages of Samsun, Carsamba, Kizilot Health Center in December and February. In most of the villages, Penicillium and Alternaria were isolated most frequently. Scopulariopsis and Fusarium were also found at high quantity in the air.

[A cerebellar abscess caused by anaerobic and aerobic (mixed) microorganisms]. / Anaerob ve aerob (mikst) mikroorganizmalaria meydana gelen serebellar abse.

A 15 year old boy was admitted to hospital with five days history of fever, headache, vomiting and otorrhea. Findings on physical examination included high fever, purulent drainage from right ear, nuchal rigidity, Brudzinski's and Kernig's signs. Laboratory finding was polymorphonuclear leukocytosis. Computerized tomography (CT) of his brain was normal. A lumbar puncture disclosed purulent CSF. Chloramphenicol and Penicillin G were given intravenously as treatment for the meningitis. After five days of this therapy he continued to be febrile and nuchal rigidity, Brudzinski's and Kerning's signs increased. The second CT demonstrated the presence of an abscess in the cerebellum. The abscess was aspirated during mastoidectomy. In the cultures of the aspiration material Bacteroides species and gram positive micrococci grew out. Metronidazole, 500 mg qid per oral, was added to the therapy. During treatment, his condition was evaluated with serial computerized tomography scans of his brain and these studies showed progressive decrease in the size of the lesion. Metronidazole and antibiotics therapies were continued 45 days. The patient made an uneventful recovery.