Seasonal dynamics of eukaryotic microbial diversity in hypersaline Tuz Lake characterized by 18S rDNA sequencing.

Microbial diversity found in hypersaline ecosystems is structurally unique and essential in many microbiological and ecological processes. Tuz Lake, the second biggest lake in Türkiye, is a talassohaline (over 32% [w/v]) lake with near-neutral pH. The aim of study was to investigate the composition of the eukaryotic microbial community in Tuz Lake by 18S rDNA amplicon sequencing, as well as its relationship and change with environmental factors during 1-year period. Next-generation sequencing and bioinformatic analysis were applied to describe the eukaryotic microbial community in Tuz Lake. As a result of bioinformatics analysis, Archaeplastida (39%) and Stramenopiles, Alveolata, Rhizaria (SAR) (51%) were the most abundant taxa represented in the dataset. The Archaeplastida phylum showed a significant difference between winter and summer and higher abundance in summer in contrast to the SAR group, which represented higher abundance in winter. Genus level assessment showed that the most abundant genera were Navicula, Chlorophyta;unclassified_taxa, Dunaliella, Cladosporium, Paraphelidium, Scuticociliates;unclassified_taxa, and Chlamydomonadales;unclassified_taxa. Navicula abundance was significantly different and overwhelmingly dominant in winter. On the other hand, Cladosporium and Chlorophyta; unclassified_taxa represented a significant difference between seasons and high abundance in summer. Furthermore, Dunaliella populations were not detected in midsummer and early fall when the temperature increased and water volume in the lake decreased.

Using a hybrid technology to produce traditional sourdough Gelveri bread: infrared cooking assisted with traditional method.

Traditional foods are known as special products that do not have a specific production technology and are transferred traditionally from generation to generation. The most important feature that distinguishes Gelveri bread from the other bread is the use of sourdough technique and cooking in stone kilns. It is one of the traditional foods produced in Turkey for hundreds of years. We believe that standardization and commercialization of Gelveri bread will be challenging initiative to contribute to the local and national economy. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possibility of using infrared (IR) and ultraviolet-C technologies in the commercialization of traditional Gelveri bread production that abides by the sourdough technique. Traditionally Gelveri bread dough was prepared and cooked with the infrared oven designed for this study. Following the cooking step, some physicochemical and microbiological quality characteristics and shelf life of the Gelveri bread were investigated. The results indicated that the microbiological quality and shelf life were improved with the IR application without effecting the other quality parameters. On the other hand, a small decrease in pH was observed. As a result, it was concluded that if IR furnace integrated into the stone kilns, the quality of the bread might be standardized, and the sustainability of the traditional method will be ensured.

Effects of Lactobacillus Plantarum and Lactobacillus Helveticus on Renal Insulin Signaling, Inflammatory Markers, and Glucose Transporters in High-Fructose-Fed Rats.

Background and Objectives: The excess consumption of fructose in the diet may cause metabolic syndrome, which is associated with an increased risk of kidney disease. There is limited data on probiotic treatment in high-fructose-induced metabolic syndrome. The present study aims to investigate whether the supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) and Lactobacillus helveticus (L. helveticus) could provide an improving effect on the renal insulin signaling effectors, inflammatory parameters, and glucose transporters in fructose-fed rats. Materials and Methods: The model of metabolic syndrome in male Wistar rats was produced by fructose, which was given as 20% solution in drinking water for 15 weeks. L. plantarum and L. helveticus supplementations were given by gastric gavage from 10 to 15 weeks of age. Results: High-fructose consumption in rats reduced renal protein expressions of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, protein kinase B (AKT), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which were improved by L. plantarum and partially by L. helveticus supplementations. Dietary fructose-induced elevations in renal tissue levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and IL-10, as well as expression of IL-6 mRNA, were attenuated, especially in L. plantarum treated rats. The increased renal expression of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2), but not that of glucose transporter type-5 (GLUT5), was suppressed by the treatment with L. plantarum. Conclusion: Suppression in insulin signaling pathway together with the induction of inflammatory markers and upregulation of SGLT2 in fructose-fed rats were improved by L. plantarum supplementation. These findings may offer a new approach to the management of renal dysregulation induced by dietary high-fructose.

Wild Edible Mushrooms from Turkey as Possible Anticancer Agents on HepG2 Cells Together with Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties.

This study was designed to reveal cell growth inhibitory potential of six different edible mushrooms: Ramaria flava, Agrocybe molesta, Volvopluteus gloiocephalus, Lactarius deliciosus, Bovista plumbea, and Tricholoma terreum on HepG2 cells together with their antioxidant and antibacterial power. Methanolic extracts of V gloiocephalus and aqueous extracts of R. flava had the most potential cytotoxic effects over HepG2 cells. The best results for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activities were obtained from both aqueous and methanolic extracts of R. flava. Methanolic extracts of T. terreum (IC50 = 1.62 mg/mL) and aqueous extracts of B. plumbea (IC50 = 0.49 mg/mL) showed maximum metal chelating activity. The highest reducing capacities were observed among the methanolic extracts of R. flava (EC50 = 1.65 mg/mL) and aqueous extracts of B. plumbea (EC50 = 1.71 mg/ mL). High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the presence of many phenolic compounds in macrofungi; gallic acid and p-coumaric acid were the two main phenolics identified in all extracts. Antibacterial studies indicated that all six tested mushrooms showed antibacterial activity on at least three microorganisms. These results indicate that different extracts of the investigated mushrooms have considerable cytotoxic, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties and may be utilized as a promising source of therapeutics.

Cytotoxicity of some edible mushrooms extracts over liver hepatocellular carcinoma cells in conjunction with their antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

BACKGROUND: Mushrooms have been valued for their nutritive content and as traditional medicines; several important medicinal properties of mushrooms have been recognized worldwide. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the cell growth inhibitory potential of four edible mushrooms; Coprinus comatus (O.F. Mull.) Pers. (Agaricaceae), Tricholoma fracticum (Britzelm.) Kreisel (Tricholomataceae), Rhizopogon luteolus Fr. and Nordholm (Rhizopogonaceae), Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. (Polyporaceae) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells in conjunction with their antioxidant and antibacterial capacities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five different extracts of edible mushrooms were obtained using water, methanol, acetone, n-hexane and chloroform as solvent systems for cytotoxic, antioxidant and antibacterial properties. RESULTS: C. comatus showed substantial in vitro cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cell lines with all extracts especially with chloroform 50% inhibition (IC50 value of 0.086 mg/ml) and acetone (IC50 value of 0.420 mg/ml). Chloroform extract of C. comatus had maximum amount of ß-carotene (25.94 µg/mg), total phenolic content (76.32 µg/mg) and lycopene (12.00 µg/mg), and n-hexane extract of L. tigrinus had maximum amount of flavonoid (3.67 µg/mg). While chloroform extract of C. comatus showed the highest 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) capturing activity (1.579 mg/ml), the best result for metal chelating activity was obtained from methanolic extract (0.842 mg/ml). Moreover, all tested mushrooms demonstrated antibacterial activity and n-hexane extract of L. tigrinus and acetone extracts of T. fracticum were the most active against tested microorganism. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that different extracts of investigated mushroom have considerable cytotoxic, antioxidant and antibacterial properties and may be utilized as a promising source of therapeutics.