[Medical Review Sites - Helpful Hints and Tricks]. / Arzt-Bewertungsportale ­ Tipps und Tricks.

Many doctors regard online reviews and ratings of their professional work as menacing or defamatory. Some even expect that their reputation and economic success could be deeply compromised. Constant jurisdiction in Germany however has straightened out, that there is no avoidance strategy. In this overview I consider some options for doctors, who actively want to go into the matter.

[Medical Review Sites - Helpful Hints and Tricks]. / Arzt-Bewertungsportale ­ Tipps und Tricks.

Many doctors regard online reviews and ratings of their professional work as menacing or defamatory. Some even expect that their reputation and economic success could be deeply compromised. Constant jurisdiction in Germany however has straightened out, that there is no avoidance strategy. In this overview I consider some options for doctors, who actively want to go into the matter.

Correlation between electrical direct current resistivity and plasmonic properties of CMOS compatible titanium nitride thin films.

Damping distances of surface plasmon polariton modes sustained by different thin titanium nitride (TiN) films are measured at the telecom wavelength of 1.55 µm. The damping distances are correlated to the electrical direct current resistivity of the films sustaining the surface plasmon modes. It is found that TiN/Air surface plasmon mode damping distances drop non-linearly from 40 to 16µm as the resistivity of the layers increases from 28 to 130µΩ.cm, respectively. The relevance of the direct current (dc) electrical resistivity for the characterization of TiN plasmonic properties is investigated in the framework of the Drude model, on the basis of parameters extracted from spectroscopic ellipsometry experiments. By probing a parametric space of realistic values for parameters of the Drude model, we obtain a nearly univocal dependence of the surface plasmon damping distance on the dc resistivity demonstrating the relevance of dc resistivity for the evaluation of the plasmonic performances of TiN at telecom frequencies. Finally, we show that better plasmonic performances are obtained for TiN films featuring a low content of oxygen. For low oxygen content and corresponding low resistivity, we attribute the increase of the surface plasmon damping distances to a lower confinement of the plasmon field into the metal and not to a decrease of the absorption of TiN.

One in two cancer patients is significantly distressed: Prevalence and indicators of distress.

OBJECTIVE: Psychological distress is common in cancer patients, and awareness of its indicators is essential. We aimed to assess the prevalence of psychological distress and to identify problems indicative of high distress. METHODS: We used the distress thermometer (DT) and its 34-item problem list to measure psychological distress in 3724 cancer patients (mean age 58 years; 57% women) across major tumor entities, enrolled in an epidemiological multicenter study. To identify distress-related problems, we conducted monothetic analyses. RESULTS: We found high levels of psychological distress (DT ≥ 5) in 52% of patients. The most prevalent problems were fatigue (56%), sleep problems (51%), and problems getting around (47%). Sadness, fatigue, and sleep problems were most strongly associated with the presence of other problems. High distress was present in 81.4% of patients reporting all 3 of these problems (DT M = 6.4). When analyzing only the subset of physical problems, fatigue, problems getting around, and indigestion showed the strongest association with the remaining problems and 76.3% of patients with all 3 problems were highly distressed (DT M = 6.1). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show a high prevalence of psychological distress in cancer patients, as well as a set of problems that indicate the likely presence of other problems and high distress and can help clinicians identify distressed patients even if no routine distress screening is available.

Depression and anxiety following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a prospective population-based study in Germany.

In this prospective multicenter study, we investigated the course of depression and anxiety during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) until 5 years after transplantation adjusting for medical information. Patients were consulted before HSCT (n=239), at 3 months (n=150), 12 months (n=102) and 5 years (n=45) after HSCT. Depression and anxiety were assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Detailed medical and demographic information was collected. Prevalence rates were compared with an age- and gender-matched control group drawn from a large representative sample (n=4110). The risk of depression before HSCT was lower for patients than for the control group (risk ratio (RR), 0.56; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.39/0.81). Prevalence rates of depression increased from 12 to 30% until 5 years post HSCT. Anxiety rates were most frequently increased before HSCT (29%, RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.02/1.68) and then reached a stable level comparable to the background population (RR 0.83, 95% CI, 0.56/1.22). This study confirms the low levels of depression in the short term after HSCT and identifies depression as a long-term effect. Furthermore, it confirms previous results of heightened anxiety before HSCT. Surveillance of symptoms of anxiety during the short-term phase of HSCT and of depression during the following years is crucial.

[Rehabilitation Processes in Out- and Inpatient Rehabilitation after Radical Prostatectomy]. / Rehabilitationsprozesse in ambulanter und stationärer Rehabilitation nach radikaler Prostatovesikulektomie.

We evaluated processes in in- and outpatient rehabilitation after radical prostatectomy. Overall, we analyzed motivation and expectations of 119 in- and 719 outpatients (aged≤64) at the beginning of rehabilitation as well as satisfaction and the amount of interventions at the end. Compared to inpatients outpatients had a higher socio-economic status and better physical condition. Both groups reported similar outcomes regarding motivation, expectation and satisfaction. Furthermore in- and outpatients got a comparable amount of interventions, but both groups differed to some extent in regard to the kind of interventions. In- and outpatients are comparable in regard to their received amount of interventions. Discrepancies concerning the kind of interventions are due to differences between in- and outpatients. The results indicate specific patients' characteristics in both settings, but more research is needed to verify these findings.

Investigating the temporal course, relevance and risk factors of fatigue over 5 years: a prospective study among patients receiving allogeneic HSCT.

Although allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) features severe physical and psychological strain, no previous study has prospectively investigated fatigue beyond 3 years after transplantation. We investigated the temporal course of fatigue over 5 years, compared patients with the general population (GP) and tested for treatment- and complication-related risk factors. Patients were assessed before conditioning (T0, N=239) and at 100-day (T1, N=150), 1-year (T2, N=102) and 5-year (T3, N=45) follow-up. We measured fatigue with the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20. Patients were compared with the GP at T0 and at T3. Global fatigue increased from T0 to T1 (t=3.85, P<0.001), decreased from T1 to T2 (t=-2. 92, P=0.004) and then remained stable (t=0.45, P=0.656). No difference in global fatigue was found between T0 and T3 (t=0.68, P=0.497). Compared with the GP, patients showed higher global fatigue at T0 (t=-6.02, P<0.001) and T3 (t=-2.50, P=0.014). These differences reached meaningful effect sizes (d⩾0.5). Acute and chronic GvHD predicted global fatigue at T1 (γ=0.34, P=0.006) and T2 (γ=0.38, P=0.010), respectively. To conclude, fatigue among allogeneic HSCT patients improves with time, finally returning to pretransplantation levels. However, even after 5 years, the difference from the GP remains relevant. Patients with GvHD are at risk for increased fatigue.

Characterization of CMOS metal based dielectric loaded surface plasmon waveguides at telecom wavelengths.

Dielectric loaded surface plasmon waveguides (DLSPPWs) comprised of polymer ridges deposited on top of CMOS compatible metal thin films are investigated at telecom wavelengths. We perform a direct comparison of the properties of copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), titanium nitride (TiN) and gold (Au) based waveguides by implementing the same plasmonic waveguiding configuration for each metal. The DLSPPWs are characterized by leakage radiation microscopy and a fiber-to-fiber configuration mimicking the cut-back method. We introduce the ohmic loss rate (OLR) to analyze quantitatively the properties of the CMOS metal based DLSPPWs relative to the corresponding Au based waveguides. We show that the Cu, Al and TiN based waveguides feature extra ohmic loss compared to Au of 0.027 dB/µm, 0.18 dB/µm and 0.52 dB/µm at 1550nm respectively. The dielectric function of each metal extracted from ellipsometric spectroscopic measurements is used to model the properties of the DLSP-PWs. We find a fairly good agreement between experimental and modeled DLSPPWs properties except for Al featuring a large surface roughness. Finally, we conclude that TiN based waveguides sustaining intermediate effective index (in the range 1.05-1.25) plasmon modes propagate over very short distances restricting the the use of those modes in practical situations.

Predictors of early retirement after cancer rehabilitation-a longitudinal study.

This longitudinal study was designed to assess patients' desire for early retirement and investigate which cancer-related and psychosocial characteristics are associated with early retirement. We assessed 750 cancer patients at the beginning (t0 ) and end (t1 ) of, and 12 months after (t2 ) inpatient cancer rehabilitation. At t0 , 22% had a desire to retire early. These patients reported significantly longer sick leave periods, less favourable workplace environments, lower work ability, higher psychological distress and lower quality of life than other patients. At t2 , 12.5% of patients received temporary or permanent early retirement pensions. Of all patients with a desire for early retirement at t0 , 43% had returned to work at t2 . This subgroup had a significantly lower physical quality of life than other patients returning to work. The most influential predictors of early retirement were being on sick leave (OR = 6.50, 95% CI = 1.97-21.47) and a desire for early retirement (OR = 5.61, 95% CI = 2.73-11.52). Inverse predictors of early retirement were cancer remission (OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.10-0.53), perceived productivity (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.18-0.83), work satisfaction (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.17-0.77) and mental quality of life (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.91-0.98). This underlines the need for cancer-specific multi-professional rehabilitation and occupational therapy programmes.

The risk of being depressed is significantly higher in cancer patients than in the general population: Prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms across major cancer types.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a common co-morbidity of cancer that has a detrimental effect on quality of life, treatment adherence and potentially survival. We conducted an epidemiological multi-center study including a population-based random comparison sample and estimated the prevalence of depressive symptoms by cancer site, thereby identifying cancer patients with the highest prevalence of depression. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included 4020 adult cancer inpatients and outpatients from five distinct regions across Germany in a proportional stratified random sample based on the nationwide cancer incidence and a comparison group consisting of 5018 participants. Both groups reported depressive symptoms by filling in the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). In multivariate analyses adjusted for age and sex, we calculated the odds of being depressed. RESULTS: Out of 5818 eligible patients, 69% participated (51% women, mean age = 58 years). We estimated that one in four cancer patients (24%) is depressed (PHQ-9 ≥ 10). The odds of being depressed among cancer patients were more than five times higher than in the general population (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 4.6-6.2). Patients with pancreatic (M = 8.0, SD = 5.0), thyroid (M = 7.8, SD = 6.3) and brain tumours (M = 7.6, SD = 4.9) showed the highest prevalence, whereas patients with prostate cancer (M = 4.3, SD = 3.8) and malignant melanoma (M = 5.3, SD = 4.3) had the lowest levels of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Our results help clinicians identify cancer patients in need of psychosocial support when navigating in the growing survivor population.

[Communication Bad News by Physicians: The German Version of the MPP (Measure of Patients' Preferences) Questionnaire to the Communicative Preferences of Cancer Patients]. / Die Mitteilung schlechter Nachrichten durch den Arzt: Die deutsche Version des MPP- (Measure of Patients' Preferences) Fragebogens zu den kommunikativen Präferenzen von Krebspatienten.

OBJECTIVES: Breaking bad news is as one of the most distressing tasks that doctors face with high demands on their communication and psychosocial skills. Patient preferences for communicating bad news influence the course of such consultations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the German version of the Measure of Patients' Preferences (MPP), a questionnaire that has been validated in several international studies. METHOD: Statistical analyses were performed in a sample of N=270 cancer patients during early treatment phase (mixed cancer entities, mean age 56.9 years, 46.7% female). In this prospective study with 2 assessment times, the factorial structure of the MPP-D was examined using principal components analysis with varimax rotation. RESULTS: Factor analysis resulted in a 9-factor solution, the 3 factor structure of the original version was not replicated. Cronbachs α was>0.80 for 7 of the MPP-D subscales indicating good to excellent reliability. CONCLUSION: Further psychometric testing and optimisation of the measure is recommended.

[Assessment of Work Engagement in Patients with Hematological Malignancies: Psychometric Properties of the German Version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale 9 (UWES-9)]. / Erfassung von Arbeitsengagement bei Patienten mit hämatologischen Malignomen: Die psychometrischen Eigenschaften der deutschen Version der Utrecht Work Engagement Scale 9 (UWES-9).

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was the psychometric evaluation of the German version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-9 (UWES-9), a self-assessment tool measuring work-related resources consisting of 9 items. METHODS: Based on a sample of 179 patients with hematological malignancies in in-patient and rehabilitative oncological settings, we tested the dimensional structure by confirmatory and explorative factor analysis. We further evaluated reliability, item characteristics, and construct validity of the UWES-9. RESULTS: The confirmatory factor analysis showed acceptable fit for both a 1-dimensional factor structure and the original 3-factor model. Based on an explorative principal component analysis, we were able to replicate the 1-dimensional factor accounting for 67% of the total variance and showing very high internal consistency (α=0.94) and high factor loads (0.73-0.88). The construct validity was further supported by significant positive correlations between work engagement and meaning of work, corporate feeling, commitment to the workplace, and job satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The German version of the UWES-9 shows good psychometric qualities in measuring dedication to work in patients with hematological malignancies in in-patient and rehabilitative oncological settings.

[Nationwide Evaluation of the "Parental Folder" and its Utility Value--Insights into the Health and Information Behaviour of Parents]. / Bundesweite Evaluation des Gebrauchswerts des "Eltern-Ordners"--Einblicke in das Gesundheits- und Informa-tionsverhalten von Eltern.

The "parental folder" is meant as a primary prevention programme for children starting at birth with the aim to give access to relevant health knowledge to all parents and to strengthen the parental competence in doctor-parent communication. In a sample of N=1,634 families the effects of the folder were examined in a randomized controlled study in the federal states Rhineland-Palatinate and Saxony. In addition N=103 experts were asked for their valuation of the folder.

Fear of recurrence and its impact on quality of life in patients with hematological cancers in the course of allogeneic hematopoietic SCT.

We examined the course and the prevalence of a high fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) in patients undergoing allogeneic PBSC transplantation (hematopoietic SCT (HSCT)) before HSCT (N=239), 100 days after (n=150, and 12 months after allogeneic HSCT (n=102). The Fear of Progression Questionnaire-Short Form (FoP-Q-SF), the EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used. Pre-HSCT 36% of patients, 100 days after HSCT 24% of patients, and 1 year after HSCT 23% of patients fulfilled the criteria for high FCR (FoP-Q-SF cutoff=34). Being married (b=2.76, P=0.026), female gender (b=4.45, P<0.001) and depression (b=4.44, P<0.001) were significantly associated with FCR at baseline. One hundred days after HSCT, depression significantly predicted FCR (b=6.46, P<0.001). One year following HSCT, female gender (b=6.61, P=0.008) and higher depression were (b=4.88, P=0.004) significant predictors for FCR. Over the three assessment points, patients with high FCR had a significantly lower quality of life compared to patients with low FCR in physical functioning (P=0.019), role functioning (P=0.003), emotional functioning (P<0.001), cognitive functioning (P=0.003), social functioning (P<0.001) and global quality of life (P<0.001). Our data provide evidence that FCR is a prevalent problem in patients with hematological malignancies and has a significant adverse impact on health-related quality of life.

Exploring spiritual needs and their associated factors in an urban sample of early and advanced cancer patients.

Although it is widely recognised that people turn to spirituality in times of crises, the interest in exploring the spiritual needs of cancer patients is just beginning to grow. The purpose of this study was to conduct a spiritual needs assessment with cancer patients living in a Northern European metropolitan region in order to (a) examine the relevance and nature of spiritual needs; (b) to clarify the role of demographic and clinical characteristics in spiritual needs; and (c) to identify their associations with dimensions of psychological distress. N = 285 outpatients with mixed cancer sites and of all tumour stages were surveyed cross-sectionally. Instruments included the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire (SpNQ) and measures of anxiety, distress, hopelessness and meaning-related life attitudes. Almost all patients (94%) reported at least one spiritual need. The needs for Inner Peace and Actively Giving emerged to be of greatest importance. Significant, but weak differences were found for age, gender and being in a partnership. No associations for medical characteristics were observed. Regression analyses revealed anxiety as the strongest predictor for the subscales Existential Needs, Inner Peace and Actively Giving. The results emphasise the relevance of spiritual needs in cancer patients. The call for spiritual assessment and interventions to meet spiritual needs in cancer patients is strengthened.

[Quality of vocational education in speech therapy - development and implementation of a quality assurance programme]. / Therapeutenausbildung auf dem Prüfstand - Entwicklung und Umsetzung eines Verfahrens zur Qualitätssicherung der logopädischen Ausbildung.

The provision of high-quality health-services is only possible if it is based on vocational education of corresponding quality. To promote the quality of vocational education in speech therapy, a quality assurance programme was developed in a scientifically supervised multi-step process. The main goals of the quality assurance programme include: (i) external review of the quality of education by means of well-defined criteria, (ii) certification of schools that meet the requirements, and (iii) provision of feedback to schools about their results. A total of 208 quality indicators cover the essential aspects of vocational education in speech therapy, and apply to the structural, process and outcome quality. These indicators are based on a literature survey as well as on expert opinion, and are calibrated by data. The data are collected by using questionnaires (school management, teachers in speech therapy, students, consecutive patient sample) and are validated by specific document analyses and telephone audits. Each school receives an individual quality report of its achieved results benchmarked to other schools. Since the initial implementation in 2008, a total of 50 schools participated in the quality assurance programme and 41 achieved certification. Therefore, the defined set of quality criteria has been disseminated and utilized by about half of all German schools for vocational education in speech therapy. The evaluation of the data on quality collected across all schools highlights the strengths and weaknesses of vocational education as well as the demands for quality improvement.

Sources of meaning in cancer patients - influences on global meaning, anxiety and depression in a longitudinal study.

Although existential needs are highly prevalent in patients with cancer, specific sources of meaning have been little explored. We investigated whether specific sources of meaning predict global meaning and psychological distress. N = 258 patients with breast (45%), lung (39%) and gynaecological cancer (16%) completed a battery of validated questionnaires at T1. Six months later (T2), n = 183 (78%) patients participated again. The primary outcomes - sources of meaning, global meaning and psychosocial distress - were measured with the Sources of Meaning Profile-Revised (SOMP-R), Life Attitude Profile-Revised (LAP-R) and modules for depression and anxiety of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9, GAD-7). Most important sources of meaning were 'engaging in personal relationships', 'preserving human values and ideals' and 'feeling financially secure'. Stepwise multivariate regression analyses controlling for demographic and medical factors revealed that 'engaging in personal relationships', 'preservation of culture and tradition' and 'interest in social and/or political causes' predicted lower depression. 'Leaving a legacy for the next generation' and 'feeling financially secure' predicted both higher depression and anxiety. The findings highlight the relevance of sources of meaning for the psychological well-being of cancer patients and point towards specific sources of meaning that should be focused in psychosocial interventions.

[Data analysis based on the Classification of Therapeutic Procedures (CTL) of inpatient rehabilitation of depressive disorders]. / Analyse von Daten der Klassifikation Therapeutischer Leistungen (KTL) der stationären Rehabilitation bei depressiven Störungen.

OBJECTIVE: As an initiative of the German Pension Insurance Association (DRV), evidence-based therapeutic modules (ETM) for the rehabilitation of patients with depression were developed. The objective of the subsequent analysis was to analyse the therapeutic procedures in inpatient rehabilitation on the basis of the ETM to evaluate the principal needs for therapeutic standards. METHODS: Data based on the German Classification of Therapeutic Procedures (KTL) for 21 529 patients treated in rehabilitation clinics for people with mental illnesses was analysed with respect to differences between diagnostic groups/clinics regarding type, quantity and duration of measures coded. RESULTS: The mean quantity and duration of the interventions for patients with depressive disorders encoded varied greatly between the ETM. No or only minor differences were found between patients with depression and those with other diagnoses regarding the type, quantity and duration of measures coded. However, there were great variances between clinics. CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic standards for rehabilitative practice appear necessary in order to reduce treatment heterogeneity between rehabilitation facilities, which could improve the quality of healthcare.

[Evaluation of a Vocationally Oriented Concept within Inpatient Oncological Rehabilitation]. / Evaluation eines berufsbezogenen Konzepts im Rahmen der stationären onkologischen Rehabilitation.

AIM OF THE STUDY: We evaluated an occupation-related rehabilitation program, which has been designed to enhance the return to work of cancer patients. As return to work plays an important role to get back to normalcy after suffering from cancer, there is a substantial need for support and evaluated programs. METHODS: The study had a quasi-experimental design with an intervention group (IG) and a comparison group (CG). We defined performance-related outcomes (e. g. return to work, self-assessed working capacity), asked patients if they needed further vocational advice and how helpful they estimated the rehabilitation treatment. 1 year after the end of rehabilitation 309 employed patients had completed the study (65%). We addressed our research questions using non-parametric tests, t-tests, analyses of variance and logistic regressions. RESULTS: Of the 309 patients 58% started rehabilitation not later than 14 days after the end of acute treatment while the other 42% had finished their treatments at least some weeks or even months ago. Patients of the IG evaluated the work-related rehabilitation offers significantly better and needed less additional vocational advice after the end of rehabilitation (n. s.). Regarding the patients, who started rehabilitation not later than 14 days after the end of acute treatment (beginning of rehabilitation n=269, 12 months after rehabilitation n=174), the IG achieved a slightly higher return-to-work-rate 12 months after the end of rehabilitation (81% IG, 76% CG, n. s.). Above that the IG estimated their subjective working capacity significantly more often as fully re-established (IG 46%; CG 29%, p=0,030). CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of the patients return to work (78%). These results show the success of oncological rehabilitation in helping patients to return to work. In addition, the occupation-related rehabilitation program enhances subjective variables as the satisfaction of the patients regarding the information and the improvement of the patients' working-capacity.

[Memorandum prevention research - research areas and methods]. / Memorandum zur Präventionsforschung - Themenfelder und Methoden (Langfassung).

From 2004 to 2012, the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) established its first funding programme for the promotion of prevention research. 60 projects on primary prevention and health promotion and the meta-project entitled "Cooperation for Sustainable Prevention Research" (KNP) received BMBF grants under this programme during this period. The experience and knowledge gained and recommendations arising from the research funded under this programme are compiled in memorandum format. The "Memorandum on Prevention Research - Research Areas and Methods" highlights 5 research areas that are considered to be especially relevant from the perspective of the involved scientists and practice partners.The promotion of structural development and sustainability enhancement in disease prevention and health promotion are central areas that should branch out from existing nuclei of crystallization. Improving the health competence of the population and of specific subpopulations is another major area. Research in these areas should contribute to the development of theoretical concepts and to the empirical testing of these concepts. The transfer of knowledge for effective use of developed disease prevention and health promotion programmes and measures is still a scarcely researched area. Among other things, studies of the transfer of programmes from one context to another, analyses of the coop-eration between politics and science, and the continued theoretical and conceptual development of transfer research are needed. Long-term data on the effects of intervention studies are also needed for proper evaluation of sustainability. The latter dem-onstrates the importance of method development in disease prevention and health promotion research as an area that should receive separate funding and support. This research should include, in particular, studies of the efficacy of complex interventions, health economic analyses, and participative health research.