The Effect of Distance Education Conducted during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period on the Psychomotor Skill Development of a Dental School Students.

Purpose: This study compared the development of face-to-face (F2F) psychomotor skills vs. a modified online dental anatomy course during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The 9-HPT is regularly applied for the students' psychomotor skill assessment in the Faculty of Dentistry of Süleyman Demirel University. In the 2020-21 academic year, 92.2% of students who took the dental anatomy course in distance education voluntarily participated in this study (observation group). These data were compared with 34.6% of students who applied for 9-HPT in 2019-2020 in F2F education (control group). The Mann-Whitney U test and t-test were used for comparison. The significance level was taken as p < 0.05. Results: Based on the dominant hand 9-HPT score, a positive change occurred in 81.8% of the F2F and 61.6% of the online education students. Based on both dominant and nondominant hand 9-HPT scores, a statistically significant difference between the change in scores according to the fall/spring term measurements was observed in both F2F and distance education (p < 0.001). However, the F2F-educated group students showed better psychomotor skill development than those exposed to the online-educated group in 9-HPT. The results showed statistical significance for both dominant and nondominant hands (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The F2F education is the gold standard in psychomotor skill training; however, in cases where this approach cannot be realized, practical training protocols modified for online training may contribute to the motor development of students.

Turkish adaptation of the interprofessional attitude scale (IPAS).

The Interprofessional Attitude Scale (IPAS) was developed to measure the core competencies for interprofessional education and collaborative practice, which thepresent study aims to evaluate for adaptation into Turkish. The study was conducted with 254 students from four different faculties related to health sciences. The guideline by Sosua and Rojannasrirat (2011) was followed. Content validity analysis, descriptive analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and correlation analysis were performed. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Descriptive analysis revealed that the majority of the participants agreed with the items (mean scale score was 160.99 ± 15.99). The Item and Scales content validity indices were 0.85-1.00 and 0.93 respectively. In the construct validity analysis, the scale was divided into five sub-dimensions at an acceptable level. The reliability coefficient was calculated as 0.87. In the analysis of scale items variance component percentages estimated for person, for items, and for person × item were 14.1%, 29%, and 56.9%, respectively. In conclusion, IPAS-TR is a valid and reliable tool that can be used to measure interprofessional attitudes.

Psychological Effects of COVID-19 in Medical Students.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 spread rapidly around the world, causing an acute infectious pneumonia pandemic. COVID-19 first seen in our country since 11 March 2020 in Turkey have also taken an epidemic form. Many social restrictions have been imposed to slow the spread, such as quarantine practices, curfews, restrictions on travel between countries / cities, restrictions on collective activities and social distance practices. In our country, formal education was suspended by the Higher Education Council and it was recommended that all processes including assessment and evaluation be carried out online. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the psychological effects of Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine students due to the COVID-19 outbreak. METHOD: 607 students gave opinions for the study (n=607). Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Test was preferred in the study because it was preferred in international studies. RESULTS: Students' mean GAD-7 score was calculated as 10.24±3.95. 3 (0.5%) of the students were mild, 339 (55.8) were moderate, 168 (27.7%) were high and 97 (16%) were in serious anxiety. The average of anxiety of preclinical students (10.50±4.06) was calculated to be higher than the clinical period students (9.80±3.72) and a statistically significant difference was found between the two groups (p=0.028). 61 of the participants (10%) had COVID-19 positivity in themselves or in their relatives. The average of the students who had COVID-19 positivity in themselves or their close environment (11.37±4.34) was higher than the students who did not (10.12±3.89), and there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=0.034). In our cross-sectional descriptive study, students' GAD-7 mean score was 10.24±3.95, which shows that students of Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine also had high prevalent anxiety disorders during the COVID-19 epidemic, in line with the current literature. As a result of this study in which we evaluated the psychological conditions of our students during the pandemic period. CONCLUSION: Considering that the long-term effects of anxiety disorders will continue, we believe that it will be appropriate to plan activities for post-epidemic anxiety rehabilitation of our students in the evaluation of our post-epidemic education program.

MAJOR ANATOMIC VARIATIONS OF PULMONARY FISSURES AND LOBES ON POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION.

This study was aimed at determining major accessory fissures (MAF) and absence or incompleteness of lobar or major fissures (MF) during routine forensic autopsies. Prior to starting this prospective study, forms were prepared to collect data on pulmonary lobes and fissures. In this study, 420 lungs of 210 autopsy cases were examined for incompleteness and absence of MF and complete accessory fissures. Horizontal fissures were incomplete in 18 right lungs. Incomplete oblique fissures were noted in three right and two left lungs. Unidentified abnormal fissures were determined in one left lung and five right lungs. The most common fissural abnormality was less than half complete horizontal fissure. Four right lungs had four lobes and two left lungs had three lobes because of complete accessory fissures. The number of lobes in the left and right lungs and the morphological features of both incomplete MF and MAF were determined in detail and the variations were photographed. It is concluded that, in addition to studies on computed tomography scans, autopsy series are useful for determining the variations of MF and MAF of the lungs in different populations.

Accessory spleens at autopsy.

Accessory spleens (AS) may be formed during embryonic development when some of the cells from the developing spleen are deposited along the path from the midline, where the spleen forms, over to its final location on the left side of the abdomen. An accessory spleen is usually near the spleen's hilum, but it may be embedded partly or wholly in the tail of the pancreas. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and distribution of AS during routine forensic autopsies. AS were investigated in 720 consecutive autopsy cases. Fifty-four AS were found in 48 (6.7%) cases. AS were found in hilum of the main spleen in 28 cases, the great omentum in 13 cases, the pancreas in 5 cases, and the pelvis in 2 cases. There were two AS in two cases and three AS in another two cases. Awareness of the possible presence of AS is important because when splenectomy is performed for some conditions such as immune thrombocytopenic purpura, failure to remove the AS may result in the failure of the condition to resolve. Additionally, during medical imaging, AS may be confused for enlarged lymph nodes or neoplastic growths. In conclusion, autopsy series are useful for determining the incidences and the other features of AS in different populations, in addition to those studies using CT scans and those studies obtained during laparoscopic or open surgeries.