[Comparative assessment of methods for identification of overweight and obesity in children].

Obesity in school-aged children is very common in the WHO European Region. However, there is no unified approach to the diagnosis of childhood obesity in the organized collective bodies. It is evident that the physical development of schoolchildren needs regular monitoring. Methods for identification of overweight and obesity were comparatively assessed, by using the data on the physical development of 63 children aged 8 to 16 years, including 33 children diagnosed as having obesity and 30 with normal weight. It has been established that it is expedient to use anthropometric and somatometric methods for mass diagnostic screening for overweight and obesity in the organized collective bodies.

[Changes in the fatty acid composition of blood cell membranes in children with inflammatory diseases].

Fatty acid composition of erythrocyte and leukocyte membranes has been studied in children (with normal body mass and obesity) with inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and children with bronchial asthma in comparison with basically healthy children. Fifty seven children aged from 7 to 14 years were examined: 13 with inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (IDGIT) (eosophagitis, gastroduodenitis, stomach ulcer), 25 with obesity stages (I-III) complicated by IDGIT, 9 with bronchial asthma and 10 basically healthy children. The study revealed that both IDGIT and bronchial asthma caused significant and similar changes in fatty acid composition of cell membranes. These included accumulation of omega3-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and the decrease of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); this phenomenon observed in both erythrocyte and leukocyte membranes suggests a common feature of the detected changes in fatty acid composition of cell membranes in inflammation. There was a significant decrease in the level of membrane omega6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), first of all arachidonic acid and total omega6 PUFA. Consequently, EPA accumulation in membranes may be a compensatory response to low dietary arachidonic acid supply and/or its increased synthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotriens, thromboxans) during inflammatory process.

[Breast hormones--regulators of energy homeostasis: growth of infants].

Studied the possible relationship between the growth rate of children who are breastfed, and the level of protein, fat, insulin-like growth factor- 1 (IGF-1), ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin in breast milk. Examined 71 pair--a mother and a healthy child, who is breastfed. All infants were divided into 3 groups: low, normal and high weight gain. Daily breast milk intake, the level of fat, protein and hormones proteins regulators of energy homeostasis (adiponectin, grelin, IGF-1 and leptin) in breast milk were measured at 1, 2 and 3 months of lactation. It was found that daily breast milk consumption was higher in the group of infants with high weight gain and the content of protein and fat in it did not differ in three groups. Total daily consumption of protein and fat with breast milk was higher in groups of infants with high weight gain. There was significantly higher IGF-1 level and the tendency to higher grelin level in breast milk of mothers of infants with higher weight gain. The possible link of breast milk hormones with growth velocity of breast-fed infants is discussed.

[Connection between of overweight and consumption confectionary, fast food stuffs and soft drinks. Widespread investigation Russian schoolchildren].

Overweight appear one of the serious problem in European region WHO today. Obesity is polyetiological disease and result of different factors. The aim of the current studies was investigation of connection between consumption confectionary, fast food stuffs and soft drinks and body-mass index (BMI). At the beginning, was inspection of 434 schoolchildren 7-18 age old. As a result, was determined, that confectionary, fast food stuffs and soft drinks mach more popular, than ever stuffs. At the same time, was determined, that mean significance BMI was reliable above for children, who used confectionary, fast food stuffs and soft drinks frequently.

[Nutrition and nutritional status in infants and children of early years of life in Russian Federation].

The study of the nutrition and the nutritional status children of the first year age and children earliest age were conducted on nationally representative surveys (2500 children, 2-24 months) the Institute of Nutrition, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences with the Institute of Sociology Russian of Academy of Sciences, Gerber Product Company and Nestle Company in 2006. The level the frequency of breast feeding had among children 1 m.--80%, 2-4 m.--70%, 4-6 m.--60%. The lowest body mass Z-scores were registered 0.5-5.0% among of children, the tendency of obesity increase in the age were registered from 1.6 to 13% of children. Calculations of chemical composition and energy value of actual nutrition have show according to the values requirements.

[Actual feeding of children in intensive care units].

The paper deals with the actual feeding status of infants in intensive care units (ICU). A total of 275 children aged 1 month to 15 years, treated in the ICU of a Tushino children's city hospital, Moscow, for brain injury, pyoinflammatory abdominal diseases, and severe pneumonia in 2000-2006, were examined to study the dietary provision of children in the ICU with essential nutrients and calories depending on age and feeding mode over time in the early post-aggression period. Mixed (parenteral and enteral) feeding was found to provide dietary intake with significantly large quantities of essential nutrients and calories than enteral feeding alone. At the same time, the changes between the enteral feeding and mixed feeding groups in such indices as the quantity of ingested protein, fat, and calories were significant (p < 0.05).

[The nutritional status of children in intensive care units].

The paper deals with the nutritional status of infants in intensive care units (ICU). It shows nutritional trends in 269 children aged 1 month to 15 years, treated in the ICU of a Tushino children's city hospital, Moscow, for brain injury, abdominal surgical diseases, and severe pneumonia. The paper evaluates the physical development of children in the ICU, shows the trends in weight-height, somatometric, laboratory parameters, and balance study data. The values of protein losses and nitrogen balance in children in the postaggression period and their relationship to age and feeding mode (enteral, parenteral-enteral) are shown.

[Effect of long time storage of infant formulas on their vitamins A, E, levels of peroxide value and antioxidant activity as compared to breast milk].

It is shown that vitamins A and E content in infant and follow-on formulae was significantly higher comparatively to declared level while their content decreased during storage at room temperature in open boxes in accordance with manufactures recommendations. Vitamins A and E level decrease accompanied by formulae anti- and prooxidants ratio changes and peroxide value increase in all formula studied. The minimal level of vitamin A and E increase above declared one during manufacturing of infant formula that allows to maintain the actual vitamins level in accordance with declared one was grounded. Breast milk antioxidant activity was different from that one of started and follow-on formulae. The data obtained shows the necessity to optimize the antioxidant composition of infant and follow-on formulae to make their content and functional activity closer to human milk.

[Procedure for determining the initiation of tube feeding in children in an intensive care unit].

A procedure is proposed to determine the timing of tube feeding in children treated in an intensive care unit, which records the hypertonia of the pyloric sphincter and consists in the determination the time of gastric administration of distilled water before its evacuation into the duodenal lumen (water evacuation test) visualized in the real-time mode through abdominal ultrasonography. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to 42 children aged 3 months to 14 years who had severe brain injury, appendicular peritonitis, polytrauma, and polysegmental pneumonias. This determining procedure makes it possible to exclude radiation exposure in patients treated in intensive care units and to improve the outcomes of treatment, by prescribing the artificial feeding, that is adequate to the patients' status, in the periods optimal for each specific clinical case.

[Experience with a selenium-containing biological active supplement used in children with pneumonias in an intensive care unit].

The efficacy of the biologically active additive (BAA) "Spirulin-Sochi-Selen" was evaluated in 45 children aged 3 to 15 years who had acute pneumonia treated in the intensive care unit for infected patients of the Tushino children's city hospital, Moscow. The levels of selenium were determined by the Alfthan microfluorimetric technique (1984). The time course of clinical, laboratory, functional, and X-ray changes was determined. A control group comprised 20 children taking no selenium-containing foods or biologically active additives. The findings suggest that the BAA "Spirulin-Sochi-Selen" is effective as part of therapy for acute pneumonia in children treated in an intensive care unit. There were no signs of selenium deficiency in any case despite the baseline reduction in the average serum levels in both groups.

[The influence of antioxidants on morphological structure of internal organs of rats in acute hypoxia].

The results of pathomorphological research of internal organs of rats in hypoxical hypoxia and in the action of the antioxidant dihydroguersitine in acute hypoxia. Lt shows that DHQ causes favourable morphological changes in internal organs in acute hypoxia.

[Moscow schoolchildren zinc status: correction of zinc insufficiency by organic zinc compounds].

The paper presents the results of study of zinc hair content in 43 Moscow schoolchildren, aged 9-11 years of both sex (May 2003 to December 2003). Significant drop of zinc hair content was established in 67% of schoolchildren. It was shown that the organic form of zinc enchanted zinc hair content. The findings will be used to implement preventive and health-promoting measures among schoolchildren.

[Use of ketogenic diet in treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy]. / Primenenie ketogennoi diety v lechenii farmakorezistentnykh épilepsii.

Ketogenic diet (KD) is one of the most effective methods of epilepsy non-drug therapy. Ten patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy, aged 1.5-18 years, were treated with individually matched and strictly controlled KD with high fat content and restricted amount of proteins and carbohydrates. After 1 year, only 4 patients kept the diet. Factors of efficacy, causes of withdrawal and side effects of KD are discussed.

[The history of the development of the children nutritiology at the Institute of Nutrition of RAMS]. / Istoriia razvitiia detskoi nutritsiologii v institute pitaniia RAMN.

The history of infant and child nutrition department of the Institute of Nutrition of RAMS is briefly reviewed. The most important results of scientific investigations performed at the department from 1930 year till present time as well as methodical materials prepared by department specialists and serving as basis of official Ministry of Health recommendations and rules of infant and child nutrition, are discussed. Special attention is drawn to the problem of infant nutrition.

[Moscow schoolchildren's physical development: state-of-the-art and evaluation techniques]. / Fizicheskoe razvitie shkol'nikov Moskvy: sovremennoe sostoianie i metody otsenki.

The paper compares the data on schoolchildren's physical development, by using three different rating tables (centile Russian and foreign tables) and calculating the Z score. It also gives data of comparison of the anthropometric indices obtained with these tables, as well as a correlation between the results obtained by applying these methods. In addition, anthropometric indices (body weight, height, physical development harmonicity) were studied in 1st- and 5th-form pupils from Moscow general educational schools. The basic trends of the schoolchildren's physical development in the past 10 years are analyzed. The findings indicate the positive changes in Moscow schoolchildren's physical development, which are characterized by an increase in the number of children with a normal body weight, by a relative decrease in that of children with low body weight, and by a rise in the proportion of tall children.

[New way in dietotherapy of infants with food allergy]. / Novyi podkhod k dietoterapii detei s pishchevoi alergiei.

The authors followed up (in outpatient conditions) a total of fifty 1-to-9-mounth-old infants with the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis, disseminated form, of subacute course. The infants were followed up for 3-12 months, with 83% of the 113 examined patients 1-3 weeks after the beginning of treatment having shown clinical improvement of cutaneous inflammatory processes. Of the 172 infants subjected to immunological examination, in 100--the level of total IgE in blood serum was significantly elevated. These children also had elevated level of the specific IgE antibodies to cow's milk proteins. The outcomes of the carried out dietotherapy using mixture "Nanny" showed that this therapeutic product resulted in remission in the majority of the followed up infants suffering from allergy to cow's milk proteins.