Crystal structures of two 1,3-thia-zolidin-4-one derivatives featuring sulfide and sulfone functional groups.

The crystal structures of two closely related compounds, 1-cyclo-hexyl-2-(2-nitro-phen-yl)-1,3-thia-zolidin-4-one, C15H18N2O3S, (1) and 1-cyclo-hexyl-2-(2-nitro-phen-yl)-1,3-thia-zolidin-4-one 1,1-dioxide, C15H18N2O5S, (2), are presented. These compounds are comprised of three types of rings: thia-zolidinone, nitrophenyl and cyclo-hexyl. In both structures, the rings are close to mutually perpendicular, with inter-planar dihedral angles greater than 80° in each case. The thia-zol-idinone rings in both structures exhibit envelope puckering with the S atom as flap and the cyclo-hexyl rings are in their expected chair conformations. The two structures superpose fairly well, except for the orientation of the nitro groups with respect to their host phenyl ring, with a difference of about 10° between 1 and 2. The extended structure of 1 has two kinds of weak C-H⋯O inter-actions, giving rise to a closed ring formation involving three symmetry-related mol-ecules. Structure 2 has four C-H⋯O inter-actions, two of which are exclusively between symmetry-related thia-zolidinone dioxide moieties and have a parallel 'give-and-take-fashion' counterpart. In the other two inter-actions, the nitrophenyl ring and the cyclo-hexane ring each offer an H atom to the two O atoms on the sulfone group. Additionally, a C-H⋯π inter-action between a C-H group of the cyclo-hexane ring and the nitrophenyl ring of an adjacent mol-ecule helps to consolidate the structure.

Reactive Pendant Mn═O in a Synthetic Structural Model of a Proposed S4 State in the Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolving Complex.

The molecular mechanism of the Oxygen Evolving Center of photosystem II has been under debate for decades. One frequently cited proposal is the nucleophilic attack by water hydroxide on a pendant Mn═O moiety, though no chemical example of this reactivity at a manganese cubane cluster has been reported. We describe here the preparation, characterization, and a reactivity study of a synthetic manganese cubane cluster with a pendant manganese-oxo moiety. Reaction of this cluster with alkenes results in oxygen and hydrogen atom transfer reactions to form alcohol- and ketone-based oxygen-containing products. Nitrene transfer from core imides is negligible. The inorganic product is a cluster identical to the precursor, but with the pendant Mn═O moiety replaced by a hydrogen abstracted from the organic substrate, and is isolated in quantitative yield. 18O and 2H isotopic labeling studies confirm the transfer of atoms between the cluster and the organic substrate. The results suggest that the core cubane structure of this model compound remains intact, and that the pendant Mn═O moiety is preferentially reactive.

Decoration of the layered manganese oxide birnessite with Mn(II/III) gives a new water oxidation catalyst with fifty-fold turnover number enhancement.

The role of the manganese average oxidation state (AOS) in water oxidation catalysis by birnessite was investigated. Low AOS samples were most active, generating O2 immediately. Samples with a relatively high AOS showed an initial induction period and decreased turnover. Mn(ii- and iii)-enriched samples gave a 10-50 fold enhancement in turnover number.

Formation of the tetranuclear, tetrakis-terminal-imido Mn4(IV)(N(t)Bu)8 cubane cluster by four-electron reductive elimination of (t)BuN=N(t)Bu. The role of the s-block ion in stabilization of high-oxidation state intermediates.

Mn4(IV)(µ3-N(t)Bu)4(N(t)Bu)4 is obtained from a previously reported asymmetric Mn(IV/V)-Li-(NR)(N) cluster by the removal of Li from the starting cluster by ion metathesis, which triggers reductive elimination of azo-tert-butane to give a tetranuclear heterocubane cluster.

Synthesis, structure, and magnetic studies of manganese-oxygen clusters of reduced coordination number, featuring an unchelated, 5-coordinate octanuclear manganese cluster with water-derived oxo ligands.

The synthesis of reduced coordination (less than 6), unchelated manganese oxygen cluster systems is described. Addition of phenols to Mn(NR(2))(2) (R = SiMe(3)) results in protolytic amide ligand replacement, and represents the primary entry into the described chemistry. Addition of PhOH to Mn(NR(2))(2) results in the formation of the heteroleptic dimer Mn(2)(µ-OPh)(2)(NR(2))(2)(THF)(2) (1). Usage of the sterically larger 2,6-diphenylphenol (Ph(2)C(6)H(3)OH) as the ligand source results in the formation of a 3-coordinate heteroleptic dimer without THF coordination, Mn(2)(µ-OC(6)H(3)Ph(2))(2)(NR(2))(2) (2). Attempts to generate 2 in the presence of THF or Et(2)O resulted in isolation of monomeric Mn(OC(6)H(3)Ph(2))(2)L(2) (3, L = THF, Et(2)O). Use of the sterically intermediate 2,4,6-trimethylphenol (MesOH) resulted in formation of the linear trinuclear cluster Mn(3)(µ-OMes)(4)(NR(2))(2)(THF)(2) (4). Reaction of Mn(NR(2))(2) with PhOH in the presence of water, or reaction of 1 with water, results in the formation of a 5-coordinate, unchelated Mn-O cluster, Mn(8)(µ(5)-O)(2)(µ-OPh)(12)(THF)(6) (5). Preparation, structures, steric properties, and magnetic properties are presented. Notably, complex 5 exhibits a temperature-dependent phase transition between a 4-spin paramagnetic system at low temperature, and an 8-spin paramagnetic system at room temperature.

Electronic structure and solution behavior of a tris(N,N'-diphenylhydrazido)manganese(IV) propeller complex.

The electronic structure and magnetic properties of the manganese(IV) trihydrazide propeller complex, Li(2)Mn(κ(2)-PhN-NPh)(3)L(2) (1, L = tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether), are explored. EPR and solid-state magnetometry studies are indicative of a high spin Mn(IV) with a S = 3/2 spin state. Solution-phase magnetic measurements result in a measured µ(eff) less than that expected for a S = 3/2, indicating a solution-phase equilibrium with a lower-spin species. Concentration-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements identify clustering of 1 to an antiferromagnetically coupled multinuclear complex as the most likely explanation for the solution behavior. Comparative infrared spectroscopy in solution and solid phase are described which support speciation in solution.

Small molecule anticonvulsant agents with potent in vitro neuroprotection.

Severe seizure activity is associated with recurring cycles of excitotoxicity and oxidative stress that result in progressive neuronal damage and death. Intervention to halt these pathological processes is a compelling disease-modifying strategy for the treatment of seizure disorders. In the present study, a core small molecule with anticonvulsant activity has been structurally optimized for neuroprotection. Phenotypic screening of rat hippocampal cultures with nutrient medium depleted of antioxidants was utilized as a disease model. Increased cell death and decreased neuronal viability produced by acute treatment with glutamate or hydrogen peroxide were prevented by our novel molecules. The neuroprotection associated with this chemical series has marked structure activity relationships that focus on modification of the benzylic position of a 2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl sulfamide core structure. Complete separation between anticonvulsant activity and neuroprotective action was dependent on substitution at the benzylic carbon. Chiral selectivity was evident in that the S-enantiomer of the benzylic hydroxy group had neither neuroprotective nor anticonvulsant activity, while the R-enantiomer of the lead compound had full neuroprotective action at <40 nM and antiseizure activity in three animal models. These studies indicate that potent, multifunctional neuroprotective anticonvulsants are feasible within a single molecular entity.

Synthesis of a high-valent, four-coordinate manganese cubane cluster with a pendant Mn atom: photosystem II-inspired manganese-nitrogen clusters.

High-valent, four-coordinate manganese imido- and nitrido-bridged heterodicubane clusters have been prepared and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic techniques. The title compound, a corner-nitride-fused dicubane with the chemical formula [Mn(5)Li(3)(µ(6)-N)(N)(µ(3)-N(t)Bu)(6)(µ-N(t)Bu)(3)(N(t)Bu)] (1), has been prepared as an adduct with a nearly isostructural tetramanganese cluster with one Mn atom replaced by Li. An important feature of the reported chemistry is the formation of nitride from tert-butylamide, indicative of N-C bond cleavage facilitated by manganese.

Enantioselective synthesis of cocaine C-1 analogues using sulfinimines (N-sulfinyl imines).

The first examples of cocaine analogues having substituents (methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-pentyl, and phenyl) at the C-1 position of the cocaine tropane skeleton were prepared by heating sulfinimine-derived α,ß-unsaturated pyrrolidine nitrones. In the presence of the Lewis acid Al(O(t)Bu)(3) the nitrones undergo an intramolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition to give tricyclic isoxazolidines that were transformed in three steps to the cocaine analogues. In the absence of the Lewis acid, lactams were formed resulting from rearrangement of the nitrone to an oxaziridine. A novel Pd- and base-promoted rearrangement of methanesulfonate salts of isoxazolidine to bridge bicyclic[4.2.1]isoxazolidines was discovered.

An isolable, metastable, geometrically unique manganese(IV) trihydrazide complex poised for reactivity.

A metastable Mn(IV) tris(N,N')diphenylhydrazide complex, Li(2)Mn(κ(2)-N(2)Ph(2))(3) (1) has been prepared, and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and spectroscopic techniques. Mn precursors are reacted with LiNH(t)Bu to form an intermediate manganese-imido mixture, which reacts with N,N'-diphenylhydrazine, oxidizing the metal, and forming 1. Despite ease of formation, 1 is poised for reactivity, as loss of ether ligand triggers reductive elimination of azobenzene.