RESUMO
This cohort study investigates clinicopathologic and prognostic associations of hypercalcemia in patients with intrahepatic or extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
Assuntos
Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares , Colangiocarcinoma , Hipercalcemia , Humanos , Hipercalcemia/epidemiologia , Hipercalcemia/etiologia , Hipercalcemia/patologia , Prevalência , Colangiocarcinoma/complicações , Colangiocarcinoma/epidemiologia , Colangiocarcinoma/patologia , Ductos Biliares Intra-Hepáticos/patologia , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/complicações , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/epidemiologia , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/patologia , PrognósticoRESUMO
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are fatty acid-activated transcription factors of nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that regulate energy metabolism. Currently, three PPAR subtypes have been identified: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARß/δ. PPARα and PPARδ are highly expressed in oxidative tissues and regulate genes involved in substrate delivery and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and regulation of energy homeostasis. In contrast, PPARγ is more important in lipogenesis and lipid synthesis, with highest expression levels in white adipose tissue (WAT). In addition to tissues regulating whole body energy homeostasis, PPARs are expressed in immune cells and have an emerging critical role in immune cell differentiation and fate commitment. In this review, we discuss the actions of PPARs in the function of the innate and the adaptive immune system and their implications in immune-mediated inflammatory conditions.
Assuntos
Imunidade/fisiologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/fisiologia , Receptores Ativados por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Animais , HumanosRESUMO
Obesity plays an important role in human fertility in both genders. The same is true for vitamin D, for which accumulating evidence from observational human studies suggests a key role for both male and female fertility. In the latter case, however, robust data from relevant interventional studies are currently lacking. It is also not clear whether obesity and vitamin D deficiency, besides their independent effect on human infertility, act in synergy. Several pathogenetic mechanisms may be proposed as a linkage between vitamin D deficiency and obesity, with respect to infertility. In any case, the independent contribution of vitamin D deficiency in obese infertile states needs to be proven in interventional studies focusing on either vitamin D supplementation in obese or weight loss strategies in vitamin D-deficient infertile patients.
Assuntos
Fertilidade , Infertilidade Feminina/epidemiologia , Infertilidade Masculina/epidemiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Deficiência de Vitamina D/epidemiologia , Vitamina D/sangue , Animais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Suplementos Nutricionais , Feminino , Humanos , Infertilidade Feminina/sangue , Infertilidade Feminina/fisiopatologia , Infertilidade Feminina/terapia , Infertilidade Masculina/sangue , Infertilidade Masculina/fisiopatologia , Infertilidade Masculina/terapia , Masculino , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Obesidade/terapia , Gravidez , Prognóstico , Técnicas de Reprodução Assistida , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Vitamina D/uso terapêutico , Deficiência de Vitamina D/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/tratamento farmacológico , Deficiência de Vitamina D/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Thyroidology is a discipline of Endocrinology which has evolved markedly over the past few decades. However, its historical roots can be seen in the literature of, among others, ancient Greek medicine. In the present article, we present the descriptions of the thyroid gland by ancient Greek physicians and its depiction in ancient Greek art.