Ab Initio Ground-State Potential Energy Function and Vibration-Rotation Energy Levels of Magnesium Monohydride.

The accurate potential energy function of magnesium monohydride in its X2Σ+ state has been determined from ab initio calculations. The vibration-rotation energy levels of the main isotopologue 24MgH were predicted to near the "spectroscopic" accuracy. The scalar relativistic, adiabatic, and nonadiabatic effects were discussed.

Ab Initio Potential Energy Surface and Vibration-Rotation Energy Levels of Aluminum Monohydroxide.

The potential energy surface and vibration-rotation energy levels of aluminum monohydroxide in the X̃ 1A' electronic state have been determined from ab initio calculations. The equilibrium configuration of the AlOH molecule was found to be bent, although with a wide AlOH angle of 163° and a small barrier to linearity of just 4 cm-1. The AlOH molecule was definitely confirmed to be quasilinear. The predicted spectroscopic constants of the AlOH, AlOD, 26AlOH, and Al18OH isotopologues can be useful in a future analysis of high-resolution vibration-rotation spectra of these species.

Unusual photophysical properties of a new tricyclic derivative of thiopurines in terms of potential applications.

The thio analogues of purine bases have been found to possess notable biological and pharmacological capabilities and have an important role to play as anticancer and immunosuppressive drugs. In this work a new tricyclic analogue of guanosine containing sulfur was synthesized, in particular, DTEG (2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-6,9-dithioethanoguanosine). Although there is promise for thiopurine derivatives for biomedical applications, there are some liabilities in regard to their exposure to light. As a preliminary survey for such difficulties with DTEG, this work looks into spectral and photophysical processes of DTEG using time-resolved and steady-state optical excitation. In contrast to other thiopurines, which have long-lived triplets, DTEG is shown to have a short-lived triplet making it less dangerous for singlet-oxygen sensitization. Even in anaerobic solutions, its photoreactivity is negligible. These various unusual photochemical properties of DTEG are consistent with DTEG being very promising as an alternative drug to the currently used 6-thiopurines. DTEG also has some interesting photophysical behavior that is distinct from other thioketones. Although thioketones have an unusual fluorescence violating Kasha's Rule and emitting from the second excited singlet state, DTEG does this also, but, in addition, it shows dual fluorescence by emitting from its first excited singlet as well. The assignments of the nature of these excited states are supported by DFT results. This theory and associated kinetic analysis show quantitatively that the dual fluorescence is, in part, tied to the relatively fast S2 to S1 internal conversion compared to other S2 decays and, in part, tied to the relatively slow nonradiative decay of S1 itself.

Highly accurate HF dimer ab initio potential energy surface.

A highly accurate, (HF)2 potential energy surface (PES) is constructed based on ab initio calculations performed at the coupled-cluster single double triple level of theory with an aug-cc-pVQZ-F12 basis set at about 152 000 points. A higher correlation correction is computed at coupled-cluster single double triple quadruple level for 2000 points and is considered alongside other more minor corrections due to relativity, core-valence correlation, and Born-Oppenheimer failure. The analytical surface constructed uses 500 constants to reproduce the ab initio points with a standard deviation of 0.3 cm-1. Vibration-rotation-inversion energy levels of the HF dimer are computed for this PES by variational solution of the nuclear-motion Schrödinger equation using the program WAVR4. Calculations over an extended range of rotationally excited states show very good agreement with the experimental data. In particular, the known empirical rotational constants B for the ground vibrational states are predicted to better than about 2 MHz. B constants for excited vibrational states are reproduced several times more accurately than by previous calculations. This level of accuracy is shown to extend to higher excited inter-molecular vibrational states v and higher excited rotational quantum numbers (J, Ka).

Ab initio characterization of the aluminum dimer in its X 3 Π u and A 3 ∑ g - electronic states.

The potential energy functions of the aluminum dimer, Al2 , in its lowest-energy electronic states, X 3 Π u and A 3 ∑ g - , have been determined from ab initio calculations using the multi-reference averaged coupled-pair functional method in conjunction with the correlation-consistent basis sets up to septuple-zeta quality. The core-electron correlation, scalar relativistic, and spin-orbit effects were taken into account. The vibration-rotation energy levels for both the states of Al2 were calculated to near the "spectroscopic" accuracy. The 3 Π u state was unequivocally confirmed to be the electronic ground state of Al2 , and the electronic term value T 0 of the 3 ∑ g - state was predicted to be 247 cm-1 . The energies and intensities of direct electronic-vibration transitions X 3 Π u  â†” A 3 ∑ g - were predicted.

Ground-state potential energy functions and vibration-rotation energy levels of beryllium lithium and its cation.

The accurate ground-state potential energy functions of the beryllium lithium dimer, BeLi, and its cation, BeLi+ , have been determined from ab initio calculations using the multi-reference averaged coupled-pair functional (MR-ACPF) method in conjunction with the correlation-consistent core-valence basis sets up to septuple-zeta quality. The importance of the electron correlation beyond the MR-ACPF level of approximation, scalar relativistic, and adiabatic effects was discussed. For BeLi+ , the similar calculation was performed using the single-reference coupled-cluster method, up to the CCSDTQ level of approximation. The vibration-rotation energy levels of the two species were predicted to near the "spectroscopic" accuracy. Strangely enough, the predicted vibrational term values do not compare well with the recent experimental data for either BeLi or BeLi+ , with discrepancies reaching as much as 20-60 cm-1 for highly excited vibrational levels.

Why does the presence of silicon atoms improve the emission properties of biphenyl derivatives? - Verification of various hypotheses by experiment and theory.

In the course of studying silicon modifications to improve emission properties of commonly used organic compounds, biphenyl with dimethylsilylvinyl groups in the para position (3-Si) was investigated. A comparative study was performed on the exact C-analogue (3-C) and expanded to biphenyl and dimethylbiphenyl to emphasize the general trend observed. Compound 3-Si displayed emission properties clearly different than all of the investigated hydrocarbon compounds, i.e. twice stronger fluorescence (Φf = 0.6) and a 3-times larger radiative rate constant as compared to 3-C in acetonitrile. Searching for the source of the unique emission of 3-Si, singlet and triplet processes were investigated for all of the compounds using steady-state and time-resolved methods, and their principal photophysical parameters are reported. Experimental work was supported by the theoretical predictions obtained using the EOM-CCSD method. The results led to the conclusion that the strong emission of 3-Si must be due to silicon's presence that enhanced intensity borrowing from the strongly allowed S0 → S2 transition and the larger S1 → S0 transition moment.

Ab Initio Ground-State Potential Energy Function and Vibration-Rotation Energy Levels of Aluminum Monohydride.

The accurate ground-state potential energy function of aluminum monohydride (AlH) has been determined from ab initio calculations using the multireference averaged coupled-pair functional (MR-ACPF) method in conjunction with the correlation-consistent core-valence basis sets up to septuple-zeta quality. The vibration-rotation energy levels of the two isotopologues, AlH and AlD, were predicted to near the "spectroscopic" accuracy. The importance of electron correlation beyond the MR-ACPF level of approximation, the scalar relativistic, spin-orbit, adiabatic, and nonadiabatic effects was discussed. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Ab initio structure and vibration-rotation dynamics of germylene, GeH2.

Accurate structure and potential energy surface of germylene, GeH2 , in its ground electronic state X ˜ 1 A1 were determined from ab initio calculations using the coupled-cluster approach in conjunction with the correlation-consistent basis sets up to sextuple-zeta quality. The Born-Oppenheimer equilibrium structural parameters for the X ˜ 1 A1 state are estimated to be re (GeH) = 1.5793 Å and ∠e (HGeH) = 91.19∘ . The term value Te for the lowest excited electronic state ã3 B1 of GeH2 is predicted to be 9140 cm-1 . The vibration-rotation energy levels for the X ˜ 1 A1 state of the 74 GeH2 , 74 GeD2 , 72 GeH2 , and 70 GeH2 isotopologues were determined using a variational approach and compared with the experimental data. The role of the core-electron correlation, higher-order valence-electron correlation, scalar relativistic, spin-orbit, and adiabatic effects for prediction of the structure and vibration-rotation dynamics of the GeH2 molecule is discussed. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Ab initio structure and vibration-rotation dynamics of the formyl and isoformyl cations, HCO+/HOC.

Accurate structure and potential energy surface of the formyl and isoformyl cation system, HCO+/HOC+, in its ground electronic state X̃ 1Σ+ have been determined from ab initio calculations using the coupled-cluster approach in conjunction with the correlation-consistent basis sets up to septuple-zeta quality. Both the isomers are confirmed to be linear at equilibrium, with the total energy minimum of HOC+ lying 14 120 cm-1 above that of HCO+ and the HCO+ → HOC+ isomerization energy barrier being 26 870 cm-1 (in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation). The equilibrium structural parameters for HCO+ are estimated to be re(HC) = 1.0919 Å and re(CO) = 1.1058 Å, whereas those for HOC+ are estimated to be re(HO) = 0.9899 Å and re(CO) = 1.1544 Å. The vibration-rotation energy levels were predicted for various isotopologues using a variational approach and compared with the experimental data. For the spectroscopically well characterized formyl cation, the observed vibration-rotation energies and the effective rotational constants are reproduced to within about 2.3 cm-1 and 1.7 MHz, respectively. The role of the core-electron correlation, higher-order valence-electron correlation, scalar relativistic, and adiabatic effects in determining the structure and vibration-rotation dynamics of both the isomers is discussed.

Spectral and photophysical properties of cytisine in acetonitrile - Theory and experiment.

Spectral and photophysical properties of (-)-cytisine that is used as a smoking cessation aid, and which derivatives are promising tools in a treatment of neurological diseases, were investigated in acetonitrile, non-specifically interacting solvent with a polarity similar to water. The two chair conformers of cytisine were found the most stable in the ground state S0 and the lowest excited singlet state S1(π,π*), wherein axial one was characterized by a significantly larger abundance, fluorescence lifetime 0.15 ns and fluorescence quantum yield 0.008. The S1(π,π*) excited state of both cytisine conformers deactivated almost exclusively via internal conversion.

Ab initio potential energy surface and vibration-rotation energy levels of germanium dicarbide, GeC2.

The accurate ground-state potential energy surface of germanium dicarbide, GeC2 , has been determined from ab initio calculations using the coupled-cluster approach. The core-electron correlation, higher-order valence-electron correlation, and scalar relativistic effects were taken into account. The potential energy surface of GeC2 was shown to be extraordinarily flat near the T-shaped equilibrium configuration. The potential energy barrier to the linear CCGe configuration was predicted to be 1218 cm-1 . The vibration-rotation energy levels of some GeC2 isotopologues were calculated using a variational method. The vibrational bending mode ν3 was found to be highly anharmonic, with the fundamental wavenumber being only 58 cm-1 . Vibrational progressions due to this mode were predicted for the v1=1, v2=1, and v2=2 states of GeC2 . © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Electron transfer in silicon-bridged adjacent chromophores: the source for blue-green emission.

Si-Bridged chromophores have been proposed as sources for blue-green emission in several technological applications. The origin of this dual emission is to be found in an internal charge transfer reaction. The current work is an attempt to describe the details of these processes in these kinds of substances, and to design a molecular architecture to improve their performance. Nuclear motions essential for intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) can involve processes from twisted internal moieties to dielectric relaxation of the solvent. To address these issues, we studied ICT between adjacent chromophores in a molecular compound containing N-isopropylcarbazole (CBL) and 1,4-divinylbenzene (DVB) linked by a dimethylsilylene bridge. In nonpolar solvents emission arises from the local excited state (LE) of carbazole whereas in solvents of higher polarity dual emission was detected (LE + ICT). The CT character of the additional emission band was concluded from the linear dependence of the fluorescence maxima on solvent polarity. Electron transfer from CBL to DVB resulted in a large excited-state dipole moment (37.3 D) as determined from a solvatochromic plot and DFT calculations. Steady-state and picosecond time-resolved fluorescence experiments in butyronitrile (293-173 K) showed that the ICT excited state arises from the LE state of carbazole. These results were analyzed and found to be in accordance with an adiabatic version of Marcus theory including solvent relaxation.

Ab initio potential energy surface and vibration-rotation energy levels of sulfur dioxide.

An accurate potential energy surface of sulfur dioxide, SO2 , in its ground electronic state X∼ 1A1 has been determined from ab initio calculations using the coupled-cluster approach in conjunction with the correlation-consistent basis sets up to septuple-zeta quality. The results obtained with the conventional and explicitly correlated coupled-cluster methods are compared. The role of the core-electron correlation, higher-order valence-electron correlation, scalar relativistic, and adiabatic effects in determining the structure and dynamics of the SO2 molecule is discussed. The vibration-rotation energy levels of the 32 SO2 and 34 SO2 isotopologues were predicted using a variational approach. It was shown that the inclusion of the aforementioned effects was mandatory to attain the "spectroscopic" accuracy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Fluorescent H-aggregates of an asymmetrically substituted mono-amino Zn(ii) phthalocyanine.

The photophysical properties of a newly synthesized unsymmetrically substituted zinc phthalocyanine derivative (1) bearing in its peripheral positions six n-hexylsulfanyl substituents and one amino-terminated n-hexylsulfanyl substituent were investigated. This mono-amino phthalocyanine exhibited a high tendency to form H-type aggregates in all of the investigated solvents: dichloromethane (DCM), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Several species of H-aggregates were present together in relatively broad concentration ranges in THF and DCM, whereas in DMSO they were observed separately depending on the concentration used. Despite the widely accepted non-emissive character of H-type dimers, the H-type aggregates of phthalocyanine 1 were highly emissive in all solvents: the fluorescence quantum yield in DMSO for the n-aggregate is equal to 0.05, whereas for the (n + 1)-aggregate it is 0.11. Upon (n + 1)-aggregation, the fluorescence lifetime of the n-aggregate increased from ca. 2.5 ns to 3.3 ns. Based on these results, the radiative lifetimes of both species were computed: 48 ns for the n-aggregate and 29 ns for the (n + 1)-aggregate. The determined oscillator strengths for the n-aggregate and the (n + 1)-aggregate in DMSO were 0.04 and 0.12, respectively. The observed emission of the H-type (n + 1)-aggregate was assigned to the radiative transition from the upper exciton state to the ground state, which could be rationalized by a constant thermal repopulation of the upper exciton state. The experimental findings were supported by theoretical calculations.

Ab initio potential energy surface and vibration-rotation energy levels of beryllium monohydroxide.

The accurate potential energy surface of beryllium monohydroxide, BeOH, in its ground electronic state X 2A' has been determined from ab initio calculations using the coupled-cluster approach in conjunction with the correlation-consistent core-valence basis sets up to septuple-zeta quality. The higher-order electron correlation, scalar relativistic, and adiabatic effects were taken into account. The BeOH molecule was confirmed to be bent at equilibrium, with the BeOH angle of 141.2° and the barrier to linearity of 129 cm-1 . The vibration-rotation energy levels of the BeOH and BeOD isotopologues were predicted using a variational approach and compared with recent experimental data. The results can be useful in a further analysis of high-resolution vibration-rotation spectra of these interesting species. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Ab initio potential energy surface and vibration-rotation energy levels of silicon dicarbide, SiC2.

The accurate ground-state potential energy surface of silicon dicarbide, SiC2 , has been determined from ab initio calculations using the coupled-cluster approach. Results obtained with the conventional and explicitly correlated coupled-cluster methods were compared. The core-electron correlation, higher-order valence-electron correlation, and scalar relativistic effects were taken into account. The potential energy barrier to the linear SiCC configuration was predicted to be 1782 cm(-1) . The vibration-rotation energy levels of the SiC2 , (29) SiC2 , (30) SiC2 , and SiC(13) C isotopologues were calculated using a variational method. The experimental vibration-rotation energy levels of the main isotopologue were reproduced to high accuracy. In particular, the experimental energy levels of the highly anharmonic vibrational ν3 mode of SiC2 were reproduced to within 6.7 cm(-1) , up to as high as the v3 = 16 state.

Ab initio spectroscopic characterization of borane, BH, in its X1Σ+ electronic state.

The accurate potential energy and electric dipole moment functions of borane, BH, in its X1Σ+ electronic state have been determined from ab initio calculations using the multireference averaged coupled-pair functional method in conjunction with the correlation-consistent core-valence basis sets up to septuple-zeta quality. The higher-order electron correlation, scalar relativistic, adiabatic, and nonadiabatic effects were discussed. Vibration-rotation energy levels of the (11)BH, (11)BD, (10)BH, and (10)BD isotopologues were predicted to near "spectroscopic" accuracy. For the main isotopologue (11)BH, the adiabatic dissociation energy D0 and the effective equilibrium internuclear distance r(e) were predicted to be 28,469 ± 10 cm(-1) and 1.23214 ± 0.0001 Å, respectively.

Ab initio ground-state potential energy function and vibration-rotation energy levels of imidogen, NH.

The accurate ground-state potential energy function of imidogen, NH, has been determined from ab initio calculations using the multireference averaged coupled-pair functional (MR-ACPF) method in conjunction with the correlation-consistent core-valence basis sets up to octuple-zeta quality. The importance of several effects, including electron correlation beyond the MR-ACPF level of approximation, the scalar relativistic, adiabatic, and nonadiabatic corrections were discussed. Along with the large one-particle basis set, all of these effects were found to be crucial to attain "spectroscopic" accuracy of the theoretical predictions of vibration-rotation energy levels of NH.

Photophysics, excited-state double-proton transfer and hydrogen-bonding properties of 5-deazaalloxazines.

The photophysical properties of 5-deazaalloxazine and 1,3-dimethyl-5-deazaalloxazine were studied in different solvents. These compounds have higher values of fluorescence quantum yields and longer fluorescence lifetimes, compared to those obtained for their alloxazine analogs. Electronic structure and S0 -Si transitions were investigated using the ab initio methods [MP2, CIS(D), EOM-CCSD] with the correlation-consistent basis sets. Also the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) has been employed. The lowest singlet excited states of 5-deazaalloxazine and 1,3-dimethyl-5-deazaalloxazine are predicted to have the π, π* character, whereas similar alloxazines have two close-lying π, π* and n, π* transitions. Experimental steady-state and time-resolved spectral studies indicate formation of an isoalloxazinic excited state via excited-state double-proton transfer (ESDPT) catalyzed by an acetic acid molecule that forms a hydrogen bond complex with the 5-deazaalloxazine molecule. Solvatochromism of both 5-deazaalloxazine and its 1,3-dimethyl substituted derivative was analyzed using the Kamlet-Taft scale and four-parameter Catalán solvent scale. The most significant result of our studies is that the both scales show a strong influence of solvent acidity (hydrogen bond donating ability) on the emission properties of these compounds, indicating the importance of intermolecular solute-solvent hydrogen-bonding interactions in their excited state.