[Changes in body composition of oncological patients receiving nutritional support].

UNLABELLED: The article is devoted to problems of diagnostic and correction of malnutrition at patients with gastric cancer, undergoing the gastroectomy. AIMS: to study losses of body mass and dynamics of boby composition in organism of patients with gastric cancer, undergoing surgery, to estimate the efficiency of nutritional support. MATERIALS AND METHODS: open prospective cohort case-control study. Inspected 64 patients with cancer of stomach in II-IV phases, undergoing surgery. The duration of observation amounted to 12 months. 34 of these patients were obtained nutritional support (additional enteral nutrition) during 8 weeks. The efficiency of nutritional support estimated on dynamics of body mass, body composition, the content of total protein, albumin, hemoglobin, lymphocytes counts in the blood. When statistical processing of research results the non-parametric criterion of Wilcoxon for dependent samples, as well as the dispersion rank analysis of Kraskel-Walles was used. CONCLUSION: oncological process is followed by the progression of undernutrition, independently of disease stage. The nutritional support (the additional enteral nutrition) allows to substantially to improve the nutritional status of oncological patients.

[Effect of salicylic acid on the proton translocation activity of plasmalemma of potato tuber cells].

Action of salicylic acid (SA) on the activity of membrane bound H(+)-ATPase and passive proton permeability of plasmalemma membrane vesicles (PMV) from parenchyma cells of potato tubers was detected. A correlation between SA action and germination of tubers and activity of plasmalemma H(+)-ATPase was revealed: the application of growth-stimulating concentrations of SA (10(-10)-10(-8) M) in the system in vitro resulted in activation of plasmalemma H(+)-ATPase, while the utilization of growth-inhibiting concentrations (10(-4), 10(-5) M) provoked inhibition of the enzyme activity. Addition of jasmonic acid (JA) to the incubation mix resulted in increase of SA effect on the accumulation of H+ in PMV.

[Effect of melafen on mitochondrial apparatus of apical meristem in growth regulation in potato tubers].

Growth stimulation in potato Solanum tuberosum L. tubers by melafen preparation caused an increase in area ofmitochondrial apparatus (increase in mitochondrial size) in apical meristem cells. Melafen stimulated mitochondrial differentiation (increase in number of condensed mitochondria enriched in cristas). Obtained data revealed an increase in activity of mitochondrial apparatus which is connected with an increase in energetic demands of cells in potato tuber apexes at melafen growth activation.

[The effect of physiologically active compounds on the production of ethylene and the activity of polygalacturonase inhibiting protein in fruits].

The treatment of apple and banana fruits with 2-CEFA and ethacyde induced the production of ethylene and accelerated the ripening and accumulation of ACC in apple fruits. Inhibitors AOA, AVG, and CoCl2 acted at the different steps of ethylene biosynthesis, inhibited the physiological aging process and increased storage longevity. Treatment with astaxantine and BOA delayed the pick of ethylene production by fruits. The content of PGIP was correlated with intensity of ethylene production. The infection of fruits with phytopathogenic microorganisms lowered as the result of the inhibition of pathogen PG. The dynamics of PGIP activity in fruits suggests its important role in the processes of ripening.

[Changes in the plastid apparatus of apical meristem cells of potato tubers upon growth regulation with jasmonic acid].

A comparative ultramorphometric study of the effect of jasmonic acid (JA) on the plastid apparatus in apical cells of potato tubers varying in physiological state was performed. When tubers were treated with JA at forced rest, the plastid apparatus of apical cells decreased in area and plastid proliferation was suppressed. When treatment was performed during growth, the area of the plastid apparatus remained unchanged, division was suppressed, and plastid budding was stimulated in apical cells. There was also a common response to JA that was independent of the physiological state of tubers. JA stimulated the development of the internal membrane system in plastids, reduced the amount of protein inclusions, and increased the portion of plastids having cisterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) around their envelopes. The ultrastructural changes in plastids made it possible to assume that JA increases the biosynthetic activity of the plastid apparatus in apical meristem cells of potato tubers.

[Melafen effect on ATP-dependent accumulation of calcium in plasma membrane vesicles from cells of potato tubers].

Synthetic growth regulator melafen (10(-5)-10(-10) M) was tested for an effect on the Ca2+ accumulation in plasma membrane vesicles (PMVs) isolated from potato Solanum tuberosum L. tubers at forced rest and sprouting. Melafen proved to regulate the Ca2+ accumulation in PMVs by changing the activity of Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase of the plasma membrane, while no effect was observed with respect to Ca2+ outflow from vesicles. The melafen effect on Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase activity depended on the physiological condition of tubers and the melafen concentration.

[Interference of phytohormones and synthetic growth regulator melafen in the control of Ca2+ translocation across the plasma membrane of potato (Solanum tuberosum L) tuber cells].

Interference of phytohormones (jasmonic, gibberellic, and abscisic acids) and synthetic growth regulator melafen on Ca2+ translocation across the membrane of plasma membrane vesicles prepared from dormant potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers was studied. The activity of plasma membrane Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase was stimulated by melafen and jasmonic and gibberellic acids and suppressed by abscisic acid. These agents did not change the passive membrane permeability for Ca2+. The pattern of the effect of melafen on the activity of Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase depended on the presence of phytohormones in incubation medium. When melafen and each phytohormone were simultaneously added to incubation medium, their effects were not additive, which indicates that the effects of the tested compounds on the Ca2+ uptake into the plasma membrane vesicles are interdependent. Apparently, the interaction between the phytohormones and plasma membrane components modulates the response to melafen.

[Blood-saving technologies: algorithm of operation blood loss compensation in planned surgical procedures].

The investigation was performed in 539 patients operated upon for diseases of organs of the chest, abdomen and lower extremity arteries in order to improve the methods of blood loss compensation and to develop optimal programs of saving blood in planned surgical procedures. An algorithm of compensation of perioperative blood loss has been developed allowing considerable improvement of the results of treatment of patients with severe surgical pathology requiring planned operations of large volume. The results of the investigation suggest that it is possible to use autohemotransfusions as effective and safe methods of compensation and therapy of acute perioperative blood loss.

[The effect of ethylene biosynthesis regulators on metabolic processes in the banana fruits in various physiological states].

The effects of ethylene-evolving preparations-2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (2-CEPA), the new generation binary preparation ethacide, and the specific inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis aminooxyacetic acid (AOA)--on the ethylene evolution by banana (Musa sp.) fruits at various ripening stages and the content of protein inhibitor of polygalacturonase (PIPG), associated with prevention of fruit tissue softening, were studied. It was demonstrated that the ripening stage was of significant importance for the results of treatment with the mentioned preparations. Their effects were most pronounced in the fruits of medium ripeness. 2-CEPA and ethacide increased the ethylene evolution in banana fruits on the average by 25-30%. AOA treatment decreased the ethylene evolution in these fruits by 30%. The PIPG content in fruit pulp was insignificant; 2-CEPA almost did not change its content in banana skin, while ethacide and AOA somewhat decreased it. Consequently, the regulators of ethylene biosynthesis have a potential for optimizing the state of banana fruits during storage and sale.

Polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein is a structural component of plant cell wall.

It is generally believed that plants "evolved a strategy of defending themselves from a phytopathogen attack" during evolution. This metaphor is used frequently, but it does not facilitate understanding of the mechanisms providing plant resistance to the invasion of foreign organisms and to other unfavorable external factors, as well as the role of these mechanisms in plant growth and development. Information on processes involving one of the plant resistance factors--polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP)--is considered in this review. The data presented here indicate that PGIP, being an extracellular leucine-rich repeat-containing protein, performs important functions in the structure of plant cell wall. Amino acid residues participating in PGIP binding to homogalacturonan in the cell wall have been determined. The degree of methylation and the mode of distribution of homogalacturonan methyl groups are responsible for the formation of a complex structure, which perhaps determines the specificity of PGIP binding to pectin. PGIP is apparently one of the components of plant cell wall determining some of its mechanical properties; it is involved in biochemical processes related to growth, expansion, and maceration, and it influences plant morphology. Polygalacturonase (PG) is present within practically all plant tissues, but the manifestation of its activity varies significantly depending on physiological conditions in the tissue. Apparently, the regulation of PG functioning in apoplast significantly affects the development of processes associated with the modification of the structure of plant cell wall. PGIP can regulate PG activity through binding to homogalacturonan. The genetically determined structure of PGIP in plants determines the mode of its interaction with an invader and perhaps is one of the factors responsible for the set of pathogens causing diseases in a given plant species.

[Effect of melafen on the function of endoplasmic reticulum and plasmalemmal H+ -ATPase in the regulation of growth processes in potato tubers].

The mechanism of the stimulatory effect of melafen on potato tuber sprouting was studied. The treatment with 10(-8) M melafen intensified division and stretching and activated granular endoplasmic reticulum of apical meristem cells. An increase in the activity of membrane-bound H+-ATPase in the plasmalemma of parenchymal cells of melafen-treated potato tubers and enhancement of passive proton permeability of the plasmalemma was observed. In vitro studies showed that melafen at concentrations of 10(-5-10-12) M stimulated the activity of plasmalemmal H+-ATPase in a concentration-dependent manner.

[Effect of jasmonic acid on Ca+2 transport through the plasmalemma of potato tuber cells].

The rate of Ca2+ accumulation in plasmalemma vesicles isolated from quiescent and sprouting potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers and the effect of 10(-5) - 10(-10) M jasmonic acid on the accumulation of Ca+2 in plasmalemma vesicles and its efflux were studied. It was found that potato tuber plasmalemma contains a Ca+2, Mg+2-ATPase whose activity decreases upon the transition from forced quiescence to growth. The direction of the effect ofjasmonic acid on Ca+2, Mg+2-ATPase (stimulation or suppression) depends on the physiological state of tubers and the phytohormone concentration.

[Compensation of operation blood loss by autohemotransfusion with intraoperative blood taking or infusion of colloid and crystalloid solutions].

Compensation of operation blood loss up to 10% of the circulating blood volume (CBV) by autohemotransfusion with intraoperative blood collection (33 patients) and infusion of colloid and crystalloid solutions (33 patients) was studied. It was shown that the intraoperative blood loss up to 10% of CBV resulted in statistically considerable changes in hemoglobin, packed cell volume, erythrocytes, and fibrinogen appearing by the moment of blood loss compensation; within 4-6 hours after surgery the changed clinical and hemostasiological indices caused by blood loss up to 10% of CBV were rapidly arrested by autohemotransfusion with the intraoperatively collected blood or infusion of colloid and crystalloid solutions. No advantages of autohemotransfusion with the intraoperatively collected blood over the infusion of colloid and crystalloid solutions were found in compensation of intraoperative blood loss up to 10% of CBV.

[The effect of melamine salt of bis(oxymethyl)phosphinic acid (melafen) on the growth processes and cytoplasmic membrane function in potato tuber cells].

The effects of a new synthetic growth regulator, preparation melafen, on the growth processes in potato plant tubers and the H+ -ATPase activity in cell plasmalemma were studied. It was demonstrated that melafen could both stimulate and inhibit the growth of potato tubers depending on its concentration and the physiological state of the tubers. It is likely that one of the manifestations of melafen action is its influence on the division and extension of apical meristem cells. The growth stimulation caused by melafen is connected with modifications of the plasmalemma of potato tuber cells, namely, the activation of H+ -ATPase and increase in the membrane proton permeability.

[The effect of thaumatin gene overexpression on the properties of H(+)-ATPase from the plasmalemma of potato tuber cells].

The introduction of the thaumatin gene into potato plants was accompanied by a decrease in the activity of H(+)-ATPase in the plasmalemma (PL) of tuber cells. When tubers were released from dormancy, the enzyme was activated in the tuber cells of both the original and transgenic plants. Experiments performed in vitro demonstrated that sensitivities to ambiol (AM) and jasmonic acid (JA) of H(+)-ATPase in the PL of tubers from the original plants were lower after the release from a period of deep dormancy. In preparations from the tubers of transgenic plants, the situation was reversed. The differences between the activities of H(+)-ATPase in the PL preparations produced from the original and transgenic tubers that sprouted under the action of AM and JA were detected. Thus, the overexpression of the thaumatin gene in potato plants changed the properties of H(+)-ATPase from PL.

[State of free radical processes, metabolism of nitrogen oxide, iron and cortisol level in autohemotransfusion and transfusion of the donor blood].

Under study were the main regularities of changes in processes of peroxidation and antioxidant defense in patients with different methods of operative hemorrhage replacement. Autohemotransfusion was fulfilled in 33 patients; donor blood was transfused to 33 patients. It was concluded that donor blood transfusion gave rise to activation of lipid peroxidation processes and decrease of antiradical activity. Elevation of the level of nitrogen oxide in the group of patients with transfused donor blood was due to its participation in the mechanisms of antioxidant defense. The content of serum iron was reliably higher on the 10th day of the postoperative period in the group of patients with transfused donor blood. The content of ferritin in the group of patients with transfused donor blood was lower before anesthesia and by the moment of blood replacement. High indices of cortisol in patients with transfused donor blood within 4-6 hours after operation suggest that it has a more pronounced stress-realizing effect than autohemotransfusion.

[Ultramorphometric study of the plastids in apical tuber cells of original and transgenic potato plants treated with ambiol].

Ultramorphometric characteristics of plastids in cells of apical tuber meristems of original and defensin gene-transfected potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants, either maintained under normal conditions or subjected to treatment with the antioxidant ambiol, were compared. Under normal conditions, the tuber cells of the original and transgenic potato plants differed in neither the number nor size of the plastids. Only certain quantitative distinctions in the development of individual ultrastructural characteristics of plastids were detected. Treatment with ambiol enhanced the differentiation of the internal membrane system of plastids in the cells of original and transgenic plants, especially the tubular membrane systems. Certain differences in the responses to ambiol of cell plastids of original and transgenic plants were related to plastid sizes and development of individual intraplastid structures. The results comply with earlier data on varying responses of mitochondria of original and transgenic plants to ambiol treatment.

[Effect of ambiol on the ultrastructure of mitochondria in the apical cells of tubers of original and transgenic potato plants]. / Vliianie ambiola na ul'trastrukturu mitokhondrii v kletkakh apeksov klubnei iskhodnykh i transgennykh rastenii kartofelia.

The ultrastructure of the mitochondrial apparatus of apical tuber cells of original and transgenic (defensin gene-transfected) potato have been compared in normal and ambiol-treated plants, using morphometric approaches. No qualitative or quantitative differences were found between the mitochondria of original and transgenic plants under normal conditions (control). Treatment with ambiol produced only quantitative differences (in the number of mitochondria and their volume) between the cells of original and transgenic plants. This observation has been attributed to (1) changes in the physiology and biochemistry of transgenic plants, induced by the expression of the gene of defensin (hormonal balance, functional activity of the plasmalemmata, etc.), and (2) direct effects of ambiol.

[Effect of ambiol and 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid on the content of phytohormones in potato leaves and tubers]. / Vliianie ambiola i 2-khlorétilfosfonovoi kisloty na soderzhanie fitogormonov v list'iakh i klubniakh kartofelia.

The effects of the antioxidant Ambiol and 2-chlorethylphosphonic acid (2-CEPA) on individual concentrations and concentration ratios of phytohormones, photosynthesis and photophosphorylation rates, sucrose and starch content in tubers, and plant productivity were studied in potato (Solanum tuberosum L). Ambiol increased the ratio of indoleacetic acid (IAA) to abscisic acid (ABA), IAA/ABA, and that of zeatin (Z) and zeatin riboside (ZR) to ABA, (Z + ZR)/ABA. These effects were underlain by an increase in the content of auxins and cytokinins and a decrease in ABA. Unlike Ambiol, 2-CEPA increased the level of ABA, the effect being the most pronounced in the tubers. Ambiol increased the rates of photosynthesis and noncyclic photophosphorylation in chloroplasts isolated from potato leaves. The relation of this phenomenon to auxin and cytokinin accumulation, Ambiol- and 2-CEPA-induced changes in the hormonal balance of potato tubers, carbon metabolism, and plant productivity is discussed.