Effects of hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus on spermatogenesis in peri- and post-pubertal mice.

Introduction: Diabetes and thyroid dysfunction often co-exist. One autoimmune disorder always invites another and it has been reported that such co-morbid ailments always become detrimental to the health of the patients. Materials and methods: In our previous work, we elucidated the interactions of diabetes and hypothyroidism on testicular development and spermatogenesis. However, the present study illuminates the interface between diabetes and hyperthyroidism, where 16 ICR pregnant primiparous mice were used and subsequently 48 male pups were randomly selected (n=12/group) and separated into 4 groups: control (C), diabetic (D), diabetic + hyperthyroidism (DH) and hyperthyroidism (H). Results: Computerized sperm analyses showed significant reductions in count by 20% and increases of 15% in D and H animals, respectively, vs. controls. However, rapid progressive sperm motility was significantly lower only in D (30%) compared with C mice. Our histomorphometric investigation depicted damaging effects on testicular and epididymal tissues; the stroma adjacent to the seminiferous tubules of the D mice revealed edematous fluid and unstructured material. However, in the epididymis, germ cell diminution contraction of tubules, compacted principal and clear cells, lipid vacuolization, atypical cellular connections, exfoliated epithelial cells, and round spermatids were conspicuous in DH mice. Discussion: Collectively, our experiment was undertaken to ultimately better recognize male reproductive disorders in diabetic-hyperthyroid patients.

Yak milk and its health benefits: a comprehensive review.

Yak milk has various potential health benefits due to its high nutritional content and unique composition. It is an excellent source of protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, which can promote overall health and wellbeing. Yak milk may have potential therapeutic benefits for hypertension, as it contains peptides that have been shown to have antihypertensive effects. Yak milk has also been shown to possess antioxidant properties, which can help protect against oxidative stress and related health problems. Moreover, its fat contains higher levels of beneficial fatty acids, such as conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids, which have been linked to various health benefits, including reducing inflammation, improving heart health, and supporting brain function. Moreover, further research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits of yak milk, its unique composition and high nutritional content suggest that it may offer numerous health benefits and could be a valuable addition to a healthy diet.

Cryopreservation of Yak Semen: A Comprehensive Review.

An urgent need to boost the sustainability and efficiency of animal production exists, owing to the growing global population. Enhancing the global fertility of animals, especially cattle, is essential to ameliorate this issue. Artificial insemination and sperm cryopreservation have a considerable and favorable influence on the quantity and quality of the cattle produced. Sperm cryopreservation is crucial for livestock production because it promotes and accelerates genetic diversity and the worldwide dispersion of animals with enhanced genetics. Owing to the importance of cryobiology in reproductive technologies, researchers are developing new approaches, and they are testing cryoprotectant drugs to enhance sperm cryosurvival. However, the viability of sperm after freezing is low and widely varies across breeding yaks. These faults are crucial because they impede advances in reproductive biotechnology and the study of mammalian gametes at a fundamental level. Using chemicals, researchers have developed and enhanced various extenders with varying degrees of efficiency to reduce cryodamage and oxidative stress. In this article, we review the cryopreservation of yak semen, the development of extenders, the difficulties faced during cryopreservation, and the evaluation of semen quality using various methodologies. This review might be helpful for researchers exploring semen cryopreservation in the future, as demand for enhanced cryopreservation exists to boost the post-thaw viability and fertility of sperm.

Contemporaneous effects of diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism on spermatogenesis and immunolocalization of Claudin-11 inside the seminiferous tubules of mice.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes and hypothyroidism produce adverse effects on body weight and sexual maturity by inhibiting body growth and metabolism. The occurrence of diabetes is always accompanied with thyroid dysfunction. Thus, it is important to take hypo- or hyper-thyroidism into consideration when exploring the adverse effects caused by diabetes. Previous reports have found hypothyroidism inhibits testicular growth by delaying Sertoli cell differentiation and proliferation. Hence, by establishing a mouse model of diabetes combined with hypothyroidism, we provided evidence that poly glandular autoimmune syndrome affected testicular development and spermatogenesis. RESULTS: we mimicked polyglandular deficiency syndrome in both immature and prepubertal mice by induction of diabetes and hypothyroidism, which caused decreases in serum concentrations of testosterone and insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Such reduction of growth factor resulted in inhibition of testicular and epididymal development. Moreover, expressions of Claudin-11 were observed between Sertoli cells and disrupted in the testes of syndrome group mice. We also found reduced sperm count and motility in prepubertal mice. CONCLUSIONS: This mimicry of the diabetes and thyroid dysfunction, will be helpful to better understand the reasons for male infertility in diabetic-cum-hypothyroid patients.