[Prevalence of laboratory markers of human respiratory viruses in monkeys of Adler primate center].

INTRODUCTION: The relevance of studying the circulation of human respiratory viruses among laboratory primates is associated with the need to test vaccines and antiviral drugs against these infections on monkeys.The aim of this work was to study the prevalence of serological and molecular markers of human respiratory viral infections in laboratory primates born at the Adler Primate Center and in imported monkeys. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Blood serum samples (n = 1971) and lung autopsy material (n = 26) were obtained from different monkey species. These samples were tested for the presence of serological markers of measles, parainfluenza (PI) types 1, 2, 3, influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial (RS) and adenovirus infections using enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Detection of RS virus, metapneumovirus, PI virus types 1-4, rhinovirus, coronavirus, and adenoviruses B, C, E and bocavirus nucleic acids in this material was performed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The overall prevalence of antibodies (Abs) among all monkeys was low and amounted 11.3% (95% CI: 9.2-13.7%, n = 811) for measles virus, 8.9% (95% CI: 6.2-12.2%, n = 381) for PI type 3 virus, 2.5% (95% CI: 0.8-5.6%, n = 204) for PI type 1 virus, and 7.7% (95% CI: 3.8-13.7%, n = 130) for adenoviruses. When testing 26 autopsy lung samples from monkeys of different species that died from pneumonia, 2 samples from Anubis baboons (Papio аnubis) were positive for of parainfluenza virus type 3 RNA. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest the importance of the strict adherence to the terms of quarantine and mandatory testing of monkey sera for the presence of IgM antibodies to the measles virus that indicate the recent infection. The role of PI virus type 3 in the pathology of the respiratory tract in Anubis baboons has been established.

[Markers of viral hepatitis E (Hepeviridae, Orthohepevirus, Orthohepevirus A) in the imported Old World monkeys].

INTRODUCTION: Viral hepatitis E is a zooanthroponotic disease that occurs in humans and various animals, including monkeys. It is caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV) (Hepeviridae, Orthohepevirus: Orthohepevirus A), for which 8 genotypes have been described to date. Among them, strains of genotypes 1 and 2 have been isolated from humans, strains of genotypes 3 and 4 from humans and animals, and strains of genotypes 5-8 from animals only. The main threat of the disease is associated with the documented zoonotic transmission of HEV genotypes 3, 4, 7, and 8, to humans through infected meat, blood and milk. Thus, monkeys could be involved in the transmission of HEV.The aim of this work was to study serological and molecular genetic markers of HEV infection in strepsirrhines (Old World monkeys, Cercopithecoidea), imported to the Adler Primate Center from various regions of the world (Tanzania, Vietnam, Mauritius). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fecal (n = 224) and blood serum samples (n = 395) from cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) and vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) were examined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The data obtained show the high detection rate (51.8%) of IgG antibodies to HEV among 5 groups of cynomolgus monkeys imported from Vietnam, with a predominance of highly reactive sera (84%). High detection rate of IgM antibodies in these animals (10.4%) was observed, with the large number of IgM-reactive sera in one particular group of animals (36.8%). The fact of detection of HEV RNA in two groups of cynomolgus monkeys (11.9% and 5.7%) is of particular importance. All HEV sequences of isolated from monkeys belonged to genotype 4. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that monkeys (in particular, cynomolgus monkeys) can serve as a natural reservoir of HEV genotype 4 for humans. This requires an appropriate set of anti-epidemic measures in a number of situations.

Natural infection of captive cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with hepatitis E virus genotype 4.

Data on natural HEV infection of infection in monkeys are limited. We report a case of hepatitis E virus genotype 4 infection in captive non-human primates (cynomolgus monkeys) imported from Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that HEV infection was not the result of spillover from single source of infection, but rather the persistent circulation of HEV-4 among cynomolgus monkeys or multiple infections by related strains from a human or swine reservoir.

[Markers of hepatitis A in the monkeys of the Adlers primate center.]

Hepatitis A is a widespread viral infection. The HAV strains of "human" and "monkey" origin are similar in their morphological and antigenic properties, but differ genotypically. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research was a comparative study of serological and molecular-genetic markers of HAV infection in monkeys born at the Adler Primate Center and in those imported from different countries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fecal samples (n = 313) and serum (n = 266) from various species of monkey using ELISA and RT-PCR were studied. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The frequency of anti-HAV-IgG was high (78.9%) in imported animals (vervet monkeys from Tanzania and cynomolgus monkeys from Vietnam) and as well as in various species of monkeys (rhesus monkeys, cynomolgus monkeys, green monkeys and papio hamadryas) of the Center (88.6%). At the same time, in the imported monkeys, the markers of "fresh" HAV infection (IgM-27.2%, Ag-HAV-16.7%, RNA-22.0%) were detected significantly more often (p> 0.05) than in monkeys kept at the Colony (IgM-7.5%, HAV-Ag - 5.2%, RNA - 3.6%). In general, anti-IgG reactivity ranged from 1.064 to 2.073 OD450, anti-IgM ranged from 0.546 to 1.059 OD450. The number of HAV-Ag was 0.496 - 1.995 OD450. RNA HAV only in rhesus monkeys and cynomolgys monkeys born at the Colony, as well as in imported vervet monkeys was detected. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained indicate a wide circulation of HAV among monkeys born in the Adler Primate Center and among the imported animals. Markers of "fresh" HAV infection varied depending on the species of monkeys and their origin.

Spontaneous infection of lower primates with hepatitis C virus.

We present serological and virological evidence of spontaneous infection in Old World lower monkeys with human hepatitis C virus or, maybe, antigenically related but genetically different simian virus strain. These data is of both theoretical and practical importance and can serve as the basis for further development of experimental model of hepatitis C on lower monkeys.

The effect of repeated administration of staphylococcal immune preparations on the development of local staphylococcal infection in mice.

The study is concerned with the effect of repeated administration of staphylococcal immunopreparations on the development of a suppurative-inflammatory focus in the foot of the mouse. Subcutaneous administration of large doses of the antigenic complex of the staphylococcus (ACS) obtained by aqueous extraction, antiphagin and native anatoxin failed to induce an increase in sensitivity to staphylococcus. In some cases, the extent of development of the suppurative-inflammatory focus in the mice which had been given these preparations was less than in the control; this is suggestive of their protective effect. When comparing, on this model, the ACS preparations and corpuscular vaccine produced from poorly and highly virulent strains, we observed a more pronounced protective effect in the preparations from the poorly virulents strains. The extent of oedema was greater than in the control when adsorbed anatoxin was administered. The administration of staphylococcal preparations with a therapeutical purpose after staphylococcus infection caused a significant decrease in the size and intensity of manifestation of the suppurative-inflammatory focus in the foot. The model of limb oedema enabled us to reveal the sensitizing and protective effect of the preparations under study.