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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Clinical decision-making (CDM) is crucial in pharmacy practice, necessitating effective teaching in undergraduate and postgraduate pharmacy education. This study aims to explore undergraduates and postgraduates' perceptions of how a new teaching model supports their CDM when addressing patient cases. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING: Implemented in a full-day CDM course for pharmacy students and a half-day course for pharmacists in the Netherlands, the model, accompanied by a learning guide, facilitated CDM in patient cases. Eight courses were conducted between September 2022 to June 2023, followed by an online survey measuring participants' agreement on how the model supported their CDM, using a 5-point Likert scale. Additionally, three open-ended questions were included to elicit learning outcomes and self-development opportunities. FINDINGS: Of 175 invited participants, 159 (91%) completed the survey. Most agreed the teaching model supported their CDM, particularly in considering the patient's healthcare needs and context (96%), and exploring all available options (96%). Participants found the model provided a clear structure (97%), and fostered critical thinking (93%). The most frequently mentioned learning outcomes and self-development opportunities included collecting sufficient relevant information, maintaining a broad perspective, and decelerating the process to avoid premature closure. SUMMARY: Participants agreed that the teaching model helped them to make clinical decisions. Both undergraduate and postgraduate pharmacy education could possibly benefit from the teaching model's implementation in supporting pharmacy students and pharmacists conducting CDM in pharmacy practice.
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PURPOSE: Patients with impaired renal function using medication that affects glomerular filtration rate are at increased risk of developing acute kidney injury (AKI) leading to hospital admissions. The risk increases during periods of dehydration due to diarrhoea, vomiting or fever (so-called "sick days"), or high environmental temperatures (heat wave). This study aims to gain insight into the characteristics and preventability of medication-related admissions for AKI and dehydration in elderly patients. METHODS: Retrospective case series study in patients aged ≥ 65 years with admission for acute kidney injury, dehydration or electrolyte imbalance related to dehydration that was defined as medication-related. General practitioner's (GP) patient records including medication history and hospital discharge letters were available. For each admission, patient and admission characteristics were collected to review the patient journey. A case-by-case assessment of preventability of hospital admissions was performed. RESULTS: In total, 75 admissions were included. Most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension, diabetes, and known impaired renal function. Diuretics and RAS-inhibitors were the most prevalent medication combination. Eighty percent of patients experienced non-acute onset of symptoms and 60% had contacted their GP within 2 weeks prior to admission. Around 40% (n = 29) of admissions were considered potentially preventable if pharmacotherapy had been timely and adequately adjusted. CONCLUSION: A substantial proportion of patients admitted with AKI or dehydration experience non-acute onset of symptoms and had contacted their GP within 2 weeks prior to admission. Timely adjusting of medication in these patients could have potentially prevented a considerable number of admissions.
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Injúria Renal Aguda , Desidratação , Humanos , Injúria Renal Aguda/induzido quimicamente , Injúria Renal Aguda/prevenção & controle , Injúria Renal Aguda/epidemiologia , Desidratação/prevenção & controle , Idoso , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/prevenção & controle , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Admissão do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Over the past decade, long-term use of prescription opioids for chronic non-cancer pain has risen globally despite the associated risks. Most opioid users receive their first prescription in primary care. AIM: To investigate the perspective of patients who are long-term opioid users in primary care regarding the role of healthcare providers (HCPs) in their prolonged opioid use. DESIGN AND SETTING: Semi-structured interviews in Dutch primary care. METHOD: We recruited patients who were long-term users of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain from seven community pharmacies in the Netherlands. In-depth, semi-structured interviews focused on patients' experiences with long-term opioid use, access to opioids, and the guidance of their HCPs (primarily their GPs and pharmacists). A directed content analysis was conducted on the transcribed interviews using NVivo. RESULTS: Participants (n = 25) described ways in which HCPs impacted their long-term use of opioids. These encompassed the initiation of treatment, chronic use of opioids, and discontinuation of treatment. Participants stressed the need for risk counselling during initial prescribing, ongoing medication evaluations including tapering conversations, and more support from their HCP during a tapering attempt. CONCLUSION: Patients' perspectives illustrate the important role of HCPs across the spectrum of opioid use - from initiation to tapering. The results of this study underscore the importance of clear risk counselling starting at initial prescribing, repeated medication assessments throughout treatment, addressing tapering at regular intervals, and strong support during tapering. These insights carry significant implications for clinical practice, emphasising the importance of informed and patient-centred care when it comes to opioid use for chronic non-cancer pain management.
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Analgésicos Opioides , Dor Crônica , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Humanos , Países Baixos , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Feminino , Dor Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Idoso , Padrões de Prática Médica , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de OpioidesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Non-medical medication switches can lead to difficult conversations. To support pharmacy staff, a communication training has been developed based on two strategies: 'positive message framing' to emphasize positive elements of the message and 'breaking bad news model' to break the news immediately and address emotions. AIM: To assess how patients and trained pharmacy staff experience the application of communication strategies for non-medical medication switch conversations and which are barriers and facilitators for the application. METHOD: The Kirkpatrick training evaluation model, level 3 'behavior', including barriers and facilitators and 4 'results' was used. Trained pharmacy staff registered switch conversation characteristics and asked patients to complete a questionnaire. Semi-structured interviews with trained pharmacy staff members were conducted. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively and interview data were analyzed thematically. RESULTS: Of the 39 trained pharmacy staff members, 21 registered characteristics of 71 conversations and 13 were interviewed; 31 patients completed questionnaires. Level 3: trained pharmacy staff self-reported they applied aspects of the strategies, though indicated this was not yet a standard process. Interviewees indicated signs of increased patient contact and job satisfaction. Time, face-to-face conversations and colleague support were facilitators. Level 4: pharmacy staff members were satisfied with most switch conversations (89%), particularly with addressing emotions (74%). Patients were (very) positive (77%) about the communication, particularly about clear explanations about the switch. CONCLUSION: Pharmacy staff's learned behavior includes being able to apply aspects of the strategies. The training results show first signs of better patient-pharmacy staff relationships and increased job satisfaction.
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Serviços Comunitários de Farmácia , Farmácias , Farmácia , Humanos , Farmacêuticos/psicologia , ComunicaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Approximately 10% of chronic pain patients who receive opioids develop an opioid use disorder (OUD). Tapering programmes for these patients show high drop-out rates. Insight into chronic pain patients' experiences with tapering programmes for prescription OUD could help improve such programmes. Therefore, we investigated the perspectives of chronic pain patients with prescription OUD to identify facilitators and barriers to initiate and complete a specialised OUD tapering programme. DESIGN: A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews on experiences with initiation and completion of opioid tapering was audio recorded, transcribed and subject to directed content analysis. SETTING: This study was conducted in two facilities with specialised opioid tapering programmes in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-five adults with chronic pain undergoing treatment for prescription OUD participated. RESULTS: Participants indicated that tapering is a personal process, where willingness and motivation to taper, perceived (medical) support and pain coping strategies have an impact on the tapering outcome. The opportunity to join a medical-assisted tapering programme, shared decision-making regarding tapering pace, tapering location, and receiving medical and psychological support facilitated completion of an opioid tapering programme. CONCLUSIONS: According to patients, a successful treatment of prescription OUD requires a patient-centred approach that combines personal treatment goals with shared decision-making on opioid tapering. Referral to a specialised tapering programme that incorporates opioid rotation, non-judgmental attitudes, and psychological support can create a safe and supportive environment, fostering successful tapering and recovery.
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Dor Crônica , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides , Adulto , Humanos , Dor Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Dor Crônica/psicologia , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Manejo da Dor , PrescriçõesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite the abundant availability of effective medication adherence interventions, uptake of these interventions into routine care often lacks. Examples of effective medication adherence interventions include telephone counseling, consult preparation and the teach-back method. Assessing context is an important step in understanding implementation success of interventions, but context is often not reported or only moderately described. This study aims to describe context-specific characteristics in four living labs prior to the implementation of evidence-based interventions aiming to improve medication adherence. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted within four living labs using individual interviews (n = 12) and focus groups (n = 4) with project leaders and involved healthcare providers. The four living labs are multidisciplinary collaboratives that are early adopters of medication adherence interventions in the Dutch primary care system. Context is defined as the environment or setting in which the proposed change is to be implemented. Interview topics to assess context were formulated based on the 'inner setting' and 'outer setting' domains of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were deductively analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 39 community pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, general practitioners and a home care employee participated in the (focus group) interviews. All four living labs proved to be pharmacy-driven and characterized by a high regard for innovation by staff members, a positive implementation climate, high levels of leadership engagement and high compatibility between the living labs and the interventions. Two living labs were larger in size and characterized by more formal communication. Two living labs were characterized by higher levels of cosmopolitanism which resulted in more adaptable interventions. Worries about external policy, most notably lack of reimbursement for sustainment and upscaling of the interventions, were shared among all living labs. CONCLUSIONS: Contextual characteristics of four living labs that are early adopters of medication adherence interventions provide detailed examples of a positive implementation setting. These can be used to inform dissemination of medication adherence interventions in settings less experienced in implementing medication adherence interventions.
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Altruísmo , Clínicos Gerais , Humanos , Comunicação , Etnicidade , Adesão à MedicaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Community pharmacies are easily accessible for self-care advice. Guidelines for providing self-care advice were introduced in several countries, including the Netherlands in the 1990s. Previous studies have indicated room for improvement in self-care advice in daily pharmacy practice. AIM: To identify barriers and facilitators for providing self-care advice. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews were conducted face-to-face or online with pharmacists and pharmacy assistants using a topic guide based on the Theoretical Domains Framework. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were deductively analysed to identify barriers and facilitators for self-care counselling. COREQ guidelines were followed. RESULTS: In total, 13 pharmacists and 12 pharmacy assistants were interviewed to reach data saturation. In general, most themes addressed by pharmacists and pharmacy assistants belonged to similar domains. The following domains were frequently mentioned: environmental context and resources (e.g. priority for prescription drugs, privacy, collaboration with general practitioners, access to patients' records), intentions (providing reliable advice), skills (communication, decision-making), knowledge (ready guideline knowledge), beliefs about consequences (patient safety), social influences (patient awareness of pharmacist role), reinforcement (lack of reimbursement for relatively time-consuming advice). CONCLUSION: This study identifies barriers and facilitators for evidence-based self-care advice. Pharmacists should first support pharmacy assistants by helping them keep their knowledge and skills up to date and creating suitable pharmacy preconditions to facilitate improvements in self-care counselling. Second, collaboration with general practitioners regarding minor ailments should be improved.
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Serviços Comunitários de Farmácia , Farmácias , Humanos , Autocuidado , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Papel Profissional , FarmacêuticosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: In the past decade, prescription opioid use increased exponentially and concomitantly opioid use disorders (OUD) are becoming more common. Several risk factors for developing OUD have been identified, but little is known regarding the patients' perspective on developing a prescription OUD. METHODS: We recruited 25 adults undergoing treatment for prescription OUD. In-depth, semi-structured interviews focussed on experiences with long-term opioid use, knowledge and attitudes regarding opioids, and access to opioids. A directed content analysis was conducted on the transcribed interviews using NVivo. RESULTS: Participants showed that the development of an OUD is affected by various factors which could be grouped into three themes: (1) experiences driving initiation, (2) experiences driving continuation, and (3) experiences with prescription OUD. Besides the need for pain management, the dynamics of patient-provider communication, care coordination, provider vigilance, and environmental support all contributed to the way patients used their opioids. CONCLUSION: Patients' experiences illustrate that the first stage of the development of prescription OUD differs from the development of other substance addictions. Negative reinforcement might play a more prominent role in the early phase of prescription opioid use. Patients expressed a lack of guidance, both at the start of use and long-term use, easy access to new prescriptions and a lack of monitoring as main drivers of the development. Poorly controlled pain and subjective stress fuelled continuous opioid use.
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Dor Crônica , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides , Adulto , Humanos , Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Dor Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Dor Crônica/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , PrescriçõesRESUMO
Background: During conversations about medication switches, pharmacy staff often deliver a message to patients that may lead to negative emotions. In these situations, clear and patient-centered communication is important. Aim: To gain insight into pharmacy technician-patient experiences regarding the communication during medication switching encounters, and in specific to map the needs and preferences of patients and whether pharmacy technicians (PTs) meet these. Method: PTs were invited to fill in a questionnaire via the Dutch Panel on practical research for Pharmacy Employees. Online questionnaires were distributed to adult chronic mediation users in two patient panels. Questionnaires contained questions on how PTs and patients experience the medication switch conversations at the moment (i.e. type of information patients need/receive, timing of information, channel, communication style), and whether the needs and preferences of patients are met. Results: In total, 138 PTs and 4679 patients responded. PTs indicated that they regularly struggle with these conversations due to emotional or negative responses of patients. Most patients expressed the need for information about why the medication switch took place (68%) and about the (same) effect of the medication (61%), while fewer patients currently receive this information (21% and 39%, respectively). Patients also indicated they need verbal information during pick-up/delivery (45%), written information beforehand (29%) and during pick-up/delivery (25%), while patients more often receive verbal information during pick-up (58%), and less frequently receive written information beforehand (6%) and during pick-up/delivery (18%). Conclusion: Communication during medication switch conversations generally goes well. However, there is a difference between what PTs claim they do and what patients experience, e.g. space for questions and patients' satisfaction about this aspect. Dealing with patient emotions is also difficult for PTs. Patients emphasize they need more information than they currently receive, preferably before switching. Matching these needs and preferences can improve patient-centered communication.
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Background: Pharmacists can contribute to fall prevention, by offering services such as fall risk screenings, counselling, and medication reviews. Patient acceptance of the role of pharmacists in fall prevention is crucial. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore patients' experience with a community pharmacy fall prevention service. Methods: Interviews were conducted with patients one month after they participated in a pharmacy fall prevention service, in the Netherlands. Patient inclusion criteria for the service were: age ≥ 70 years, use of ≥5 drugs including ≥1 fall risk-increasing drug. The service included a fall risk screening followed by counselling and a medication review. The semi-structured interview guide was based on the consolidated framework for implementation research and included the following topics: outcomes, patient's motivation, and contact with the pharmacy technician. Results: Of the 91 participants of the fall prevention service, 87 patients were interviewed with a median age of 78.0 years (first quartile [Q1] - third quartile [Q3]: 74.0-84.75) and 46.3% were female. Many patients expressed positive feedback about receiving a medication review. Most patients whose medication was deprescribed expressed to be positive about this. Others were reassured about the appropriateness of their medication use. Patients reported that the service enhanced their awareness about fall prevention. Only a few patients were motivated to adapt their lifestyle. Patients appreciated the attention and contact. Conclusions: Patients see a potential benefit for a community pharmacy falls prevention service, including a medication review. Patient education appeared to enhance their fall risk awareness.
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BACKGROUND: Non-medical medication switches, a change to another medicine or medication label not motivated by medical reasons, occur frequently. Switches often lead to negative patient emotions, such as confusion and anger. Pharmacy staff's communication, i.e. delivering the message and addressing patients' emotions is crucial, but experienced as difficult. OBJECTIVE: To develop and test a communication training for the pharmacy team to facilitate medication switch conversations. METHODS: A communication training was developed based on the 'breaking bad news model' and 'positive message framing' strategies, and incorporating needs and preferences from practice. The training consisted of an e-learning with theory and reflective exercises, a half-day live training session, and an online reflection session. The Kirkpatrick training evaluation model (levels one 'reaction' and two 'learning') was used to evaluate the training. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and interview data was transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically. RESULTS: Twelve pharmacists and 27 pharmacy technicians from 15 Dutch pharmacies participated in the training. According to Kirkpatrick's model level one, the major learning outcome was to give space to patients to express their emotions and/or concerns (e.g. more silences in the conversations). For level two, most participants valued practicing the conversations, role-playing, and receiving feedback. The majority of the participants indicated that they had sufficient tools and practice during the live training to apply the strategies in daily practice. A few participants still needed time and practice, or missed examples to apply the strategies. CONCLUSION: The communication training based on the two strategies was well-received and participants felt well-equipped post-training. The take-away for participants was to give space to patients to express their emotions. Using these strategies and skills, pharmacy teams can tailor their medication counseling to patients' emotions and concerns during non-medical medication switches to better support patients in proper medication use.
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Serviços Comunitários de Farmácia , Assistência Farmacêutica , Farmácias , Farmácia , Humanos , Comunicação , FarmacêuticosRESUMO
AIM: The aim of this study was to understand the provision and need, quality of and trust in COVID-19 vaccines information from the perspectives of people who have had COVID-19 infection. METHOD: People who have had a COVID-19 infection were approached via their general practice and invited to participate in the Nivel Corona Cohort. They completed questionnaires at baseline (Q1), and at three months (Q2). Outcome measures were based on health information-seeking behaviour, as used in the Comprehensive Model of Information Seeking. Antecedents (i.e., gender, age, education level, health literacy) were used from Q1, and one's beliefs and experiences (i.e., trust in the information and healthcare system, how applicable the information is), information carrier factors (i.e., information quality perceptions and via which sources), health-information seeking actions (i.e., decision to vaccinate and information sufficiency) and vaccination status from Q2. Data were analysed using descriptive analyses, analysis of variance tests (F-tests) and χ2 tests with the statistical software STATA. RESULTS: Of the respondents (N = 314), 96% were vaccinated at least once, mostly after having had the virus. Most retrieved information about COVID-19 vaccines on the website of the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (79%), broader via the internet (56%), or from family and friends (35%). Almost all had trust in the information (89%) and healthcare system (94%). Most found the information applicable to their situation (67%). Moreover, most perceived the information as correct (71%) and did not perceive the information to be misleading (85%), while fewer people found the information reliable (59%) and clear (58%). Overall, the majority indicated that the information met their expectations to make a well-informed decision to vaccinate (89%). CONCLUSION: Different characteristics of people who had COVID-19 and sought information were identified, which is important to offer tailored information. People who had COVID-19 in this study, mainly middle-aged, vaccinated and highly educated, were generally positive about the vaccines information, but overall the reliability and clarity could be improved. This is important for a high vaccination uptake, booster programs and coming pandemics. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: The questionnaire was reviewed by patients who had COVID-19, one of whom is a health services researcher.
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Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Confiança , EscolaridadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Readmission to primary care is challenging for patients due to involvement of multiple healthcare providers across different settings and implementing new medicines into their daily routine. Elucidating patients' needs is crucial to tailor counseling support. OBJECTIVE: To explore the patient perspectives on implementing a newly prescribed cardiovascular medicine into their daily routine at readmission to primary care. METHODS: A qualitative study was performed within the outpatient pharmacy. Adult patients who were prescribed a new cardiovascular medicine by their treating hospital physician at hospital discharge or during an outpatient clinic visit were eligible to participate. Purposive sampling was applied to equally distribute adherence-influencing factors. Patients were interviewed by telephone and inclusion continued until theoretical data saturation. An adapted Greenhalgh framework for implementation research was used for a thematic content analysis by conceptualizing the new medicine as an innovation that requires implementation by a patient (adopter). RESULTS: Data saturation was reached at 44 patients of which 19 discontinued their new medicine at the time of the interview. Reasons for discontinuing included: side-effects, insufficient efficacy or negligence. Patients considered a lack of basic knowledge on their newly prescribed cardiovascular medicine as a major barrier for adopting it into their daily routine. They were in need of information on risks and benefits of their new medicine. A noticeable effect and tailored counseling facilitated patients in taking their medicine as prescribed. Patients mentioned personalized organizing tools and routinization of medication intake as important success factors for addressing their practical challenges with their new medicine. CONCLUSIONS: By applying the adapted Greenhalgh framework, this study provided a unique and structured insight in patients' barriers and facilitators that could influence their ability to implement a new cardiovascular medicine at readmission to primary care. This knowledge enables pharmacists to tailor their patient support and provide individualized patient counseling.
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Fármacos Cardiovasculares , Readmissão do Paciente , Adulto , Humanos , Alta do Paciente , Assistência Ambulatorial , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Farmacêuticos/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Community pharmacists are in the position to contribute to fall prevention, but this is not yet common practice. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of a community pharmacy-based fall prevention service. METHODS: A fall prevention service, consisting of a fall risk screening and assessment including a medication review, was implemented in pharmacies during three months. A preparative online training was provided to the pharmacy team to enhance adoption of the service. Included patients were aged ≥70 years, using ≥5 drugs of which ≥1 fall risk-increasing drug. The implementation process was quantitively assessed by registering medication adaptations, recommendations, and referrals. Changes in patient scores on the Short Fall Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) and a fall prevention knowledge test were documented at one month follow-up. Implementation was qualitatively evaluated by conducting semi-structured interviews with pharmacists before and after the project, based on the consolidated framework of implementation research. RESULTS: The service was implemented in nine pharmacies and 91 consultations were performed. Medication was adapted of 32 patients. Patients' short FES-I scores were significantly higher at follow-up (p = 0.047) and patients' knowledge test scores did not differ (p = 0.86). Pharmacists experienced the following barriers: lack of time, absence of staff, and limited multidisciplinary collaboration. Facilitators were training, motivated staff, patient engagement, and project scheduling. CONCLUSION: The service resulted in a substantial number of medication adaptations and lifestyle recommendations, but many barriers were identified that hamper the sustained implementation of the service.
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Serviços Comunitários de Farmácia , Farmácias , Humanos , Acidentes por Quedas/prevenção & controle , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Farmacêuticos , Papel ProfissionalRESUMO
AIM: This study aimed to provide insight into the congruity of acute cystitis (AC) diagnosis in women, measured both by the Acute Cystitis Symptom Score (ACSS) questionnaire and urine test(s). BACKGROUND: The ACSS questionnaire was developed as a self-administering tool for assessing urinary symptoms, quality of life (QoL) and treatment outcomes in healthy, nonpregnant female patients. METHODS: This prospective observational cohort study compared AC diagnosis based on the questionnaire with a GP diagnosis based on dipstick/dipslide test(s). ACSS questionnaire form A (typical and differential symptoms, QoL and relevant conditions) was filled in by the patient group, women suspected for AC visiting a GP practice with a urine sample, and the reference group, women visiting a community pharmacy for any medication. Analyses were performed assuming that the GP diagnosis based on urine test(s) was correct. Divergent result(s) of urine test(s) and ACSS questionnaire were analysed for scores of all individual questionnaire domains. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and the positive predictive value (PPV) and the negative predictive value (NPV) of the ACSS questionnaire and the urine test(s). FINDINGS: In the patient group, 59 women were included, 38 of whom a GP positively diagnosed for AC. The reference group included 70 women. The PPV of the ACSS questionnaire was 77.3%, and the NPV was 73.3%. Analysis of patient data for divergent results showed that differential symptoms, QoL and relevant conditions explained false-positive and false-negative results. Revised results (most probable diagnosis) based on this analysis showed a PPV and NPV of 88.6% and 73.3% for the ACSS questionnaire and 100% and 76.2% for the urine test(s). For use in primary care, a reduction in false-positive and false-negative results can be achieved by including scores for differential symptoms, QoL and relevant conditions, alongside a total typical symptoms score of 6 or higher.
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Cistite , Qualidade de Vida , Feminino , Humanos , Urinálise , Estudos Prospectivos , Cistite/diagnóstico , Doença Aguda , Atenção Primária à SaúdeRESUMO
Poor understanding of prescription drug label (PDL) instructions can lead to medication errors, suboptimal treatment (side) effects, and non-adherence. A personalized medication hard-copy overview listing PDL instructions and visual information may support patients in their medication use. This study aimed to investigate the comprehensibility of PDL instructions on a personalized medication overview compared to usual-care PDL instructions presented on a medication box. A hypothetical-online-experiment was set up, comparing groups of respondents exposed vs not exposed to the medication overview and who received PDL instructions for three, five, or eight medications. Participants were divided randomly in six groups. Online questionnaires were sent to a stratified sample of 900 members from the Nivel Dutch Healthcare Consumer Panel. Outcome measures included comprehension of instructions for medication use, e.g. how often, dose timing, usage advice and warnings for a medication with simple use instructions (omeprazol) and more complex use instructions (levodopa/carbidopa (L/C)). To analyze differences between experimental conditions ANOVA testing was used. 604 respondents (net response 67%) completed the questionnaires. Respondents exposed (E) to the overview gave a higher proportion of correct answers compared to non-exposed (NE) respondents for usage advice (L/C: mean 0.83, SD 0.4 E; 0.03, SD 0.2 NE, p < 0.001; omeprazol: mean 0.85, SD 0.4 E; 0.10, SD 0.3 NE, p < 0.001). Both groups gave the same proportion of correct answers (mean 0.80, SD 0.4, p = 1.0) for dose timing of omeprazol. More NE respondents gave correct answers for how often (mean 0.85, SD 0.4 NE; mean 0.76, SD 0.4 E, p = 0.02) and dose timing (mean 0.92, SD 0.3 NE; mean 0.86, SD 0.4 E, p = 0.04) of L/C. No differences were found regarding number of medications nor were interaction effects found between the number of medications and information type. As a medication overview contains additional information, it can be a good addition in supporting patients in their medication use compared to usual-care PDLs. Future research should focus on identifying patient groups who might benefit more from a medication overview, by testing the effect of such overview on this group.
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BACKGROUND: Clinical reasoning is considered a core competency for pharmacists, but there is a lack of conceptual clarity that complicates teaching and assessment. This scoping review was conducted to identify, map, and examine evidence on used cognitive processes and their conceptualization of clinical reasoning by pharmacists. METHODS: In March 2021, seven databases were searched for relevant primary research studies. Included were studies that examined cognitive processes in pharmacists while addressing a clinical scenario in a pharmacy-related setting. Using descriptive analysis, study characteristics, conceptualizations, operationalizations, and key findings were mapped, summarized, and examined. Results were reported using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. RESULTS: From 2252 abstracts, 17 studies were included that examined clinical reasoning in the context of forming a diagnosis (n = 9) or determining medication appropriateness (n = 4). Most studies conceptualized clinical reasoning as a context-dependent cognitive process whereby pharmacists apply and integrate knowledge and clinical experience to interpret available clinical data. Different terms labelled pharmacists' reasoning that showed analytical and intuitive approaches to clinical scenarios, either separately or combined. Medication review studies reported a predominance of analytical reasoning. The majority of diagnosis-forming studies in primary care identified no distinct cognitive reasoning pattern when addressing self-care scenarios. IMPLICATIONS: This overview reflects a small but growing body of research on clinical reasoning by pharmacists. It is recommended that this competence be taught by explicating and reflecting on clinical reasoning as separate stage of the clinical decision-making process with transparent cognitive processes.
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Farmácias , Farmacêuticos , Humanos , Raciocínio Clínico , Atenção à Saúde , Farmacêuticos/psicologia , Papel ProfissionalRESUMO
Background: The causes of falls are often multifactorial. The prevention of falls benefits from a multidisciplinary approach. As people who fall are generally older and users of polypharmacy who frequently visit pharmacies, pharmacists may contribute to fall prevention. Objectives: This study aims to explore the perceptions of primary care providers on multidisciplinary collaboration in fall prevention especially with pharmacists. Methods: Two focus groups were held with each of the following health disciplines: physiotherapists, home care nurses, and practice nurses. A topic list was developed based on the capability opportunity motivation - behaviour (COM-B) model and the theoretical domains framework (TDF). Focus groups were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Data were collected in the Netherlands between March and June 2021. Results: Six online focus groups were held with 17 physiotherapists, 14 home care nurses, and 15 practice nurses. Participants reported to collaborate multidisciplinary to prevent falls, but they had very limited collaboration with community pharmacists regarding fall prevention. Participants had limited knowledge on drugs that increase the risk of falls. This contributed to their low awareness of the potential role of pharmacists in fall prevention. Other reasons for poor collaboration in fall prevention were lack of agreements with pharmacists, limited coordination and communication. Participants were open to more collaboration with pharmacists and believed this could potentially improve patient outcomes. Conclusions: Multidisciplinary agreements among health care providers, including community pharmacists, about referral criteria, roles and responsibilities, communication and coordination, could stimulate further collaboration in fall prevention.
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Constitutional eczema in children is common. It itches and has a negative impact on quality of life. Although there are good treatments, in practice many children appear to be undertreated. Possible causes of this are: insufficient knowledge about background and treatment and insufficient cooperation between care providers. In addition, many parents are unjustly afraid of the adverse effects of hormone ointments. Some caregivers are just as afraid of hormone ointments as parents. A comment from one of them can damage the confidence of parents in the effectiveness and safety of these ointments.In our opinion, children with eczema deserve better. That is why we propose to organize regional care, education and cooperation for children with eczema. Not only general practitioners and dermatologists should participate; pharmacists and pharmacy assistants, youth health care physicians and nurses and paediatricians should also join. Information material must be uniform.