[Intranasal revaccination of children with live measles vaccine: development of local immunity]. / Intranazal'naia revaktsinatsiia detei zhivoi korevoi vaktsinoi: razvitie mestnogo immuniteta.

Thirty-eight children aged 6-7 years were intranasally revaccinated against measles. Children without antimeasles antibodies in the serum responded to revaccination by their appearance in protective titers. In children with antibodies their titers increased (in 60%) on day 30 after intranasal revaccination. The efficacy of subcutaneous revaccination was the same. Intranasal, but not subcutaneous, revaccination resulted in appearance of nasopharyngeal anti-measles IgA. Intranasal method of revaccination against measles is convenient and safe and is recommended for clinical trials on a wide scale and for introduction into practice.

Measles IgA in the nasal washings of adult volunteers and children immunized intranasally with measles vaccine L-16.

Earlier it was determined that inspiration of aerosolized measles vaccines may be as effective as its injection in induction of measles antibodies formation. In the beginning of measles infection the measles virus penetrates through mucosa of nose, mouth or eyes of children. So it seems rational to use a nasal spray of measles vaccine to induce "mucosal immunity" in the nasopharinx. Local IgA measles antibodies formation was observed only after measles vaccine spray immunization of 6-7 year old children or adult volunteers. The same level of sera measles antibodies was observed in immunized people after intranasal or subcutaneous measles vaccination. Special investigation of measles vaccination side effects in adults revealed that the injected vaccine suppressed lymphocytes functional capacity much more than when intranasally introduced. Intranasal measles vaccine spray introduction may be a useful method of child revaccination in the process of measles eradication. This method is useful for investigation of "mucosal immunity" in children or adults.

[Immunizing and immunomodulating activity of wild measles virus at the focus of measles infection]. / Immuniziruiushchaia i immunomoduliruiushchaia aktivnost' dikogo virusa kori v ochage korevoi infektsii.

The effect of a wild measles virus circulating in a childhood collective body on the immune status of 80 children has been studied over time. Only using enzyme immunoassay was it possible to fully record and assess the degree of booster effect of the virus on children in case of infection transmission. In 25% cases the increment of antibodies was at the expense of specific IgM antibodies appearing in the sera of children. By the end of the first month 60% of children developed a relative measles immunodepression. Analysis of the index of cell stimulation with phytohemagglutinin in the presence of suppressors enabled us to single out a group of children (30%) with weakly expressed suppressive factor. The observed phenomenon with a high degree of reliability may be used as an index of immune response development.

[Use of a latex-agglutination test for determining anti-measles antibody titer]. / Ispol'zovanie testa lateks-aggliutinatsii dlia opredeleniia titrov protivokorevykh antitel.

A new diagnostic agent for microtitration of antimeasles antibodies, making use of polyacrolein microspheres conjugated with purified measles virus has been developed. Parallel titration of blood sera of children and adults in latex agglutination test and in routine test (hemagglutination inhibition, passive hemagglutination, immunofluorescent tests) demonstrated a sufficient specificity of the new test, sensitivity compatible to that of hemagglutination inhibition, and correlation of the results of all tests.

[Immunizing and immunomodulating activity of a wild epidemic parotitis virus at a parotitis infection focus]. / Immuniziruiushchaia i immunomoduliruiushchaia aktivnost' dikogo virusa épidemicheskogo parotita v ochage parotitnoi infektsii.

The immune status of 18 children previously vaccinated or not with live parotitis vaccine and living in a focus of parotitis was tested over time. Specific antibodies were found in the blood sera or nasal secretion of 88.9% children by follow-up days 10-20, and memory antigen-reactive cells were forming in 55.6%. Functional temporary T-immunodeficiency was observed at the same period in 66.7% children. Although there were no cases of clinically apparent epidemic parotitis, immunologic studies confirmed the circulation of wild type virus. Immunologic studies detected 2 cases of inapparent course of epidemic parotitis.

[An intranasal method of revaccination against mumps]. / Intranazal'nyi sposob revaktsinatsii protiv épidemicheskogo parotita.

The effectiveness of revaccination against mumps was studied using different routes for administration of a live mumps vaccine from L-3 strain. Poor reactogenicity of the vaccine was observed after intranasal administration. The highest rise in titres of virus-neutralizing antibody was demonstrated in volunteers given the vaccine by the intranasal route. Revaccination of adults by both intranasal and subcutaneous routes induced production of antigen-specific memory cells. The results of the study attest to the usefulness of the intranasal route of vaccine administration in revaccinations against epidemic parotitis.

[The immunological indices in the intranasal method of revaccination with a live measles vaccine]. / Immunologicheskie pokazateli pri intranazal'nom sposobe revaktsinatsii zhivoi korevoi vaktsinoi.

Immunological parameters of the blood were studied in intranasal revaccination with a live measles vaccine (LMV) from the strain L-16. Alongside with specific immune response, LMV was shown to produce nonspecific changes in the system of immunocompetent cells the amount and duration of which were vaccine dose-dependent. The immunomodulating activity of LMV administered by different routes was different. Especially marked was the difference in the degree of side effect of the vaccine on T-lymphocytes. A dose of 10,000 TCD50 in 0.5 ml of LMV produced sufficient antigenic stimulation by the intranasal route of revaccination being quite satisfactory from the point of view of immunological safety of measles vaccine.

[The specific activity and immunological safety of the intranasal method of revaccination with a live measles vaccine made from the Leningrad-16 strain]. / Spetsificheskaia aktivnost' i immunologicheskaia bezopasnost' intranazal'nogo sposoba revaktsinatsii zhivoi korevoi vaktsinoi iz shtamma Leningrad-16.

The search for alternative routes for administration of live measles vaccine is associated both with the threat of infection with human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and with the development of a more physiological, natural and less traumatic mode of vaccine administration. The influence of the intranasal administration on the general condition of the immune system, its immunomodulating effect (the emergence of inducer suppressors, cell response to the inactivated virus), was studied as well as the level and intensity of secretory and general humoral immunity. The studies confirmed the immunological effectiveness and safety of the intranasal administration of a live measles vaccine and suggested its advantages for revaccination against measles.

[The determination of measles antibody titers in the latex agglutination reaction]. / Opredelenie titrov protivokorevykh antitel v reaktsii lateks-aggliutinatsii.

A new latex agglutination test (LAT) for detection of antibodies to measles virus in blood sera was developed. The latex diagnosticum consists of polymeric microspheres of national make carrying on their surface covalently bound measles virus antigen. The data on the specificity and sensitivity of the test are presented, and the results of titrations of blood sera from schoolchildren by traditional HI test and LAT are compared. LAT was shown to be highly sensitive, much simpler than the available methods for detection of measles antibodies and more economic, and therefore may be recommended for mass surveys.

[A trial of the intranasal vaccination of adults against measles: the approaches to an alternative revaccination method]. / Opyt intranazal'noi vaktsinatsii vzroslykh liudei protiv kory: podkhody k al'ternativnomu metodu revaktsinatsii.

The safety and efficacy of a measles vaccine from the L-16 strain was studied after its intranasal administration to adult volunteers using an atomizer. The controls were adult volunteers given one dose of the vaccine subcutaneously. The measles vaccine given intranasally was used in the same or double dose. The intranasal administration of the vaccine caused practically no side effects. Within 14-60 days postvaccination, the volunteers in all the groups showed a significant rise in titres of antibodies to measles virus determined by hemagglutination inhibition test. The double dose of intranasally administered vaccine was approximately as effective as a single dose given subcutaneously.

[Testing for the safety, reactogenicity and antigenic properties of a live thermostable mumps vaccine made from the Leningrad-3 strain]. / Proverka bezopasnosti, reaktogennosti i antigennykh svoistv zhivoi parotitnoi termostabil'noi vaktsiny iz shtamma Leningrad-3.

A live mumps vaccine (LMV) from strain Leningrad-3 with a new stabilizer LS-18 was tested for reactogenicity and antigenic potency. Examinations of vaccinated children for vaccination reactions showed its complete areactogenicity and safety. LMV induced synthesis of virus-neutralizing antibodies in 78-82% of the vaccinees. Determinations of the dynamics, intensity and duration of circulation of specific antihemagglutinating, antineuraminidase and virus-neutralizing antibodies demonstrated marked antigenic potency of the LMV and established production of earliest specific antineuraminidase antibodies in 75% of the vaccinees. EIA was found to be the most sensitive test.

[The immune status of children in foci of measles infection studied by an immunoenzyme method]. / Izuchenie immunnogo statusa detei v ochagakh korevoi infektsii metodom IFA.

Children immunized with live measles vaccine in the foci of measles infection varying in intensity (1-9 cases per focus) have been subjected by two methods: the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test and the enzyme immunoassay (EIA). As shown in this study, in most cases (98% of all blood serum samples) the correlation between the results of the HAI test and EIA is not high (r = 0.5), which is linked with the detection of a wider spectrum of antibodies in EIA. The percentage of seronegative children detected by these two methods was practically the same (4.05 and 4.4, respectively). The analysis of the results obtained in this study indicates that EIA is a more informative and sensitive method, which confirms the effectiveness of its use for the determination of the level of collective immunity.

["Dry" carbon dioxide baths in treating patients with myocardial infarction at the sanatorium stage of rehabilitation]. / "Sukhie" uglekislye vanny v lechenii bo'lnykh infarktom miokarda na sanatornom étape reabilitatsii.

A group of 75 patients with a history of myocardial infarction and repeated myocardial infarction were subjected to treatment involving dry carbon dioxide baths. Its results demonstrated normalization of IHD manifestations, such as coronary and heart failure, functional state of the cardiovascular system, its reserve potentialities and adaptation to physical effort. Under the influence of a course treatment with dry carbon dioxide baths hemodynamic parameters of cardiac output (cardiac and stroke volume) underwent favourable changes, rhythm slowed down, diastole became longer and systolic and diastolic arterial pressure decreased. The data obtained substantiate application of dry carbon dioxide baths in the recovery period to I-III functional classes patients with a history of myocardial infarction.

[Genomic and antigenic analysis of strains of influenza A virus (H1N1) isolated in 1982-1983: approaches to the choice of the optimal vaccine strain]. / Genomnyi i antigennyi analiz shtammov virusa grippa A (H1N1) 1982-1983 gg. vydeleniia: podkhody k vyboru optimal'nogo vaktsinnogo shtamma.

Features of the genome and antigenic specificity of hemagglutinin of some influenza A (H1N1) virus strains circulating in the epidemic period of 1982-1983 were studied comparatively. Analysis of the genome of the isolates under study in comparison with that of the reference A/England/333/80 strain and with each other has established changes not only in the genes coding for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase but also most of the genes coding for unglycolysed proteins. The antigenic specificity of hemagglutinin of the isolates under study examined with rat antisera and monoclonal antibodies was found to be quite dissimilar. Hemagglutinin of the A/Dunedin/27/83 strain induced antibodies capable of reacting predominantly with the homologous strain whereas antibodies to hemagglutinin of the A/Leningrad/16/16/82 and A/Chile/1/83 strains had a wide spectrum of antigenic specificity and neutralized well the hemagglutinin of different variants of influenza virus of H1N1 serotype circulating at that time. Among the 1982-1983 isolates studied, the A/Leningrad/16/16/82 strain was selected which, by its hemagglutinin properties, is optimal for preparation of inactivated vaccine, as was confirmed by the study of an experimental batch of such vaccine in volunteers.