Tabanidae (Diptera) captured on horses in Amazon Forest fragments of the state of Rondônia, Brazil.

Tabanidae is one of the most diverse families of hematophagous dipterans. Tabanids, in general, are mechanical vectors of some pathogens. Given the vector importance and the lack of knowledge of the tabanid fauna in horses in Amazon Forest fragments of the state of Rondônia, this work aimed to determine the season that the different species of horse flies prefer to carryout hematophagy on horses and verify whether the horse fly community remains the same throughout the year. The sampling areas for tabanid captures were in the municipality of Monte Negro, Western Amazon, Brazil. Four new occurrences were recorded for the state of Rondônia: Stenotabanus albilinearis, Tabanus fuscofasciatus, T. macquarti and T. restrepoensis, which increases the number of species for the state to 109. The horse flies were most frequently collected on the hind leg (43.15%) and front leg (31.11%), followed by the belly (7.41%) and the ear (5.18%). In the other anatomical regions, the collection frequency was 13.15% of the remaining individuals.

The SISBIOTA-Diptera Brazilian Network: A long-term survey of Diptera from unexplored Brazilian Western Arc of Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal

ABSTRACT The SISBIOTA-BRASIL was a three-year multimillion-dollar research program of the Brazilian government to document plants and animals in endangered/understudied areas and biomes in Brazil. Distributional patterns and the historical events that generated them are extensively unknown regarding Brazilian fauna and flora. This deficiency hinders the development of conservation policies and the understanding of evolutionary processes. Conservation decisions depend on precise knowledge of the taxonomy and geographic distribution of species. Given such a premise, we proposed to research the diversity of Diptera of the Brazilian western arc of Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal in the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Rondônia. Three important biomes of the South American continent characterize these Brazilian states: Amazon forest, Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah), and Pantanal. Besides their ecological relevance, these biomes historically lack intensive entomological surveys. Therefore, they are much underrepresented in the Brazilian natural history collections and in the scientific literature, which is further aggravated by the fact that these areas are being exponentially and rapidly converted to commercial lands. Our project involved over 90 collaborators from 24 different Brazilian institutions and one from Colombia among researchers, postdocs, graduate and undergraduate students, and technicians. We processed and analyzed nearly 300,000 specimens from ~60 families of Diptera collected with a large variety of methods in the sampled areas. Here, we provide a detailed overview of the genera and species diversity of 41 families treated. Our results point to a total of 2,130 species and 514 genera compiled and identified for the three states altogether, with an increase of 41% and 29% in the numbers of species and genera known for the three states combined, respectively. Overall, the 10 most species-rich families were Tachinidae, Cecidomyiidae, Tabanidae, Psychodidae, Sarcophagidae, Stratiomyidae, Bombyliidae, Syrphidae, Tephritidae, and Asilidae. The 10 most diverse in the number of genera were Tachinidae, Stratiomyidae, Asilidae, Mycetophilidae, Syrphidae, Tabanidae, Muscidae, Dolichopodidae, Sarcophagidae, and Chloropidae. So far, 111 scientific papers were published regarding taxonomic, phylogenetic, and biogeographical aspects of the studied families, with the description of 101 new species and three new genera. We expect that additional publications will result from this investigation because several specimens are now curated and being researched by specialists.

Molecular of Anaplasma marginale Theiler (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) in horseflies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Uruguay.

Anaplasma marginale is transmitted biologically by infected ticks or mechanically by biting flies and contaminated fomites. In tick-free areas, such as southern Uruguay, horseflies could be the principal vectors of this pathogen for bovines, causing anaplasmosis. The objective of this work was to detect the presence of A. marginale by MSP-5 PCR and Sanger sequencing in the most prevalent species of horseflies obtained using different collection methods in Colonia, Tacuarembó and Paysandú, Uruguay. Eight horsefly species were tested (Dasybasis missionum, Poeciloderas lindneri, Tabanus campestris, T. claripennis, T. fuscofasciatus, T. platensis, T. tacuaremboensis and T. triangulum); four species were found to be positive for A. marginale, with D. missionum and P. lindneri having the most frequent infections, while only one individual each of T. fuscofasciatus and T. tacuaremboensis was positive. Both D. missionum and P. lindneri were positive for A. marginale in tick-free areas, and the implications are discussed in this report.

Revisiting the Tabanid Fauna (Diptera: Tabanidae) of Uruguay: Notes on the Species of the Genus Tabanus Linnaeus, with the Description of a New Species.

We describe a new species of Tabanus (for Uruguay, the first in more than 90 years) based on females from the Department of Tacuarembó, Uruguay. Tabanus tacuaremboensis sp. n. is the 15th species of the genus Tabanus recorded from Uruguay. The species description is accompanied by illustrations of the diagnostic external and internal characters. In addition, for comparison with the new species, we provide photographs of the regional species of Tabanus whose distributions are still poorly known. In view of the lengthy hiatus since the last new tabanid species was described from Uruguay, we offer a brief discussion of the importance of new and further sampling in areas where the tabanofauna is still poorly known.

Description of Tabanusrondoniensis (Diptera: Tabanidae), a new species of horsefly from the State of Rondônia, Brazil.

Background: The genus Tabanus Linnaeus has a worldwide distribution and is the richest in species; however, it is probably not monophyletic. In the Neotropical Region, its richness is certainly underestimated, mainly due to the large number of species and the absence of recent taxonomic revisions. New information: We describe Tabanusrondoniensis sp. n. from the State of Rondônia, Brazil, based on a conspicuous tabanid species possibly related to the T.nebulosus species group. Diagnosis, discussion and illustrations are also provided.

New records of Tabanidae (Diptera) in an ecotone zone between the Cerrado and the Amazon Forest and an updated list of species of Tocantins, Brazil / Novos registros de Tabanidae (Diptera) em uma zona ecotonal entre o Cerrado e a Floresta Amazônica e lista atualizada de espécies do Tocantins, Brasil

Abstract Tabanidae is a family of the order Diptera composed of insects popularly known as horse flies. Compared to the current knowledge about other insects, tabanids can be considered a well-studied group in Brazil, however, little is known about the Tabanidae fauna in the Tocantins state, since only 44 species had been recorded for the state, which is not a very significant number among the 488 species recorded for the country. Thereby, we aimed to enlarge the knowledge of tabanids present in the state by identifying the specimens collected over the last decade in an important transition area between the Cerrado and Amazon domains. We accounted 302 specimens distributed in three subfamilies (Pangoniinae, Chrysopsinae, and Tabaninae), four tribes (Scionini, Chrysopsini, Diachlorini, and Tabanini), 12 genera, 29 species, and two varieties. Of these, only eight species and the two varieties had been recorded in the Tocantins state, numbering 21 new records for the state. Thus, we updated the records of Tabanidae for the Tocantins state for 65 known species.

Resumo Tabanidae é uma família da ordem Diptera composta por insetos popularmente conhecidos como mutucas. Quando comparado ao conhecimento sobre os demais insetos, os tabanídeos podem ser considerados um grupo bem estudado no Brasil, entretanto pouco se conhece sobre a fauna de Tabanidae do Tocantins, sendo que até então, apenas 44 espécies haviam sido registradas para o estado, um número pouco significativo, já que são registradas 488 espécies para o País. Desse modo, o presente trabalho visou ampliar o conhecimento acerca dos tabanídeos do estado através da identificação dos espécimes coletados ao longo da última década em uma importante área de transição entre os domínios Cerrado e Amazônia. Foram estudados 302 espécimes, distribuídos em três subfamílias (Pangoniinae, Chrysopsinae e Tabaninae), quatro tribos (Scionini, Chrysopsini, Diachlorini e Tabanini), 12 gêneros, 29 espécies e duas variedades. Apenas oito espécies e as duas variedades haviam sido previamente registradas para o Tocantins, totalizando 21 novos registros para o estado. Com isso, os registros de Tabanidae para o Tocantins são atualizados para 65 espécies.

Large-scale Degradation of the Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin.

The Tocantins-Araguaia Basin is one of the largest river systems in South America, located entirely within Brazilian territory. In the last decades, capital-concentrating activities such as agribusiness, mining, and hydropower promoted extensive changes in land cover, hydrology, and environmental conditions. These changes are jeopardizing the basin's biodiversity and ecosystem services. Threats are escalating as poor environmental policies continue to be formulated, such as environmentally unsustainable hydropower plants, large-scale agriculture for commodity production, and aquaculture with non-native fish. If the current model persists, it will deepen the environmental crisis in the basin, compromising broad conservation goals and social development in the long term. Better policies will require thought and planning to minimize growing threats and ensure the basin's sustainability for future generations.

The Megaloptera (Insecta) of Tocantins State, Brazil.

Megaloptera is a small order of conspicuous holometabolous insects with 397 species and 35 genera distributed worldwide. The order comprises two extant families, the Sialidae (8 genera and 83 species) and the Corydalidae (27 genera and 314 species), both with aquatic larvae, wherea eggs, pupae, and adults are terrestrial (Rivera-Gasperín et al. 2019). Three Corydalidae genera are known from Brazil: Corydalus Latreille, 1802 (11 species), Chloronia Banks, 1908 (4 species) and the monospecific Puri Cardoso-Costa, 2013 (Cardoso-Costa et al. 2013; Rafael Câmara 2020). Whereas, for the Sialidae, only the genus Ilyobius Enderlein, 1910 (3 species) has been found to occur in Brazil (Liu et al. 2015; Rafael Câmara 2020, as ProtosialisVan der Wheele, 1909).

A new species of Simothraulopsis Demoulin, 1966 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Tocantins state, Brazil.

There are seven genera and eight species of mayflies recorded for Tocantins state, Brazil, but only three belonging to the family Leptophlebiidae. Based on male imagoes, Simothraulopsis primus sp. nov. is described from Tocantins state, Northern Brazil. The species is characterized by the male genitalia being short, lanceolate, with a straight spine and by the "U" shape between the penis lobes. Other distinguishing features are the brown thorax and yellowish brown abdomen.

First records of the genus Anacroneuria (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Tocantins State, Brazil and description of a new species.

Adults of Anacroneuria Klapálek (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from an unexplored area of the Tocantins State, Brazil were studied. As result, we describe A. zantedeschia n. sp and present new geographic records for the genus. Additionally, we also include comments for A. corae Bispo Novaes, A. debilis (Pictet), A. marlieri Froehlich, A. minuta Klapálek, A. singularis Righi-Cavallaro Lecci and A. otafroehlichi Righi-Cavallaro Lecci.

First records of Kempnyia and Macrogynoplax (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Tocantins State, Brazil with description of the immatures and the adult female.

The genera Macrogynoplax Enderlein, 1909 and Kempnyia Klapálek, 1914 are reported for the first time from Tocantins State, a new locality record for Brazil. The nymphs of M. matogrossensis Bispo & Neves (2005) and K. goiana Bispo & Froehlich (2004) are described. Additionally, we also describe the female of K. goiana.

The Tabanidae of the Mitaraka expedition, with an updated check list of French Guiana (Diptera).

This paper documents the horse fly fauna collected in lowland rainforest in the southwesternmost part of French Guiana (Mitaraka). During this "Our Planet Revisited" survey nine tabanid species were recorded from French Guiana for the first time: Chrysops ecuadorensis Lutz, C. incisus Macquart, Catachlorops amazonicus Henriques & Gorayeb, Chlorotabanus flagellatus Krolow & Henriques, Cryptoylus cauri Stone, Phaeotabanus phaeopterus Fairchild, Philipotabanus stigmaticalis (Kröber), Stypommisa captiroptera (Kröber) and Tabanus amapaensis Fairchild. An updated check list of Tabanidae of French Guiana is presented, including 79 species and one unidentified Chrysops.

First record of order Embioptera (Insecta) for the State of Tocantins, Brazil, with description of a new species of Clothoda Enderlein.

This paper provides the first record of order Embioptera for the State of Tocantins, Brazil, with the description of Clothoda tocantinensis sp. nov. This genus has just three previously described species; only C. nobilis (Gerstäcker) has been recorded from Brazil (Amazon basin). An identification key is provided for males of Clothoda.

Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Caenopangonia Kröber, 1930 (Diptera: Tabanidae).

The Neotropical species of Caenopangonia Kröber are revised herein based on examination of external and internal morphology of type material and specimens from Argentina and Chile. Three currently valid species are recognized: Caenopangonia aspera (Philip, 1958), Caenopangonia brevirostris (Philippi, 1865), and Caenopangonia hirtipalpis (Bigot, 1892). Two new species are described, Caenopangonia cerdai n. sp. Krolow, Henriques & González (Chile, Chacabuco) and Caenopangonia coscaroni n. sp. Krolow, Henriques & González (Chile, Malleco). We provide diagnosis and/or descriptions, distribution records, illustrations and discussion for all species, as well a key for identification.

A new species of Spiroberotha Adams 1989 (Neuroptera: Berothidae) and the first record of the genus in Brazil.

The genus Spiroberotha Adams, 1989 is classified in Berothidae (Neuroptera) with two described species: S. fernandezi Adams, 1989 from Venezuela and S. sanctarosae Adams, 1989 from Colombia, Costa Rica and Venezuela. Here we describe a new species, S. tocantinensis n. sp., from Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil. This is the first record of the genus in Brazil, extending its geographical distribution.

Seasonal patterns of horse fly richness and abundance in the Pampa biome of southern Brazil.

Fluctuations in seasonal patterns of horse fly populations were examined in rainforests of tropical South America, where the climate is seasonal. These patterns were evaluated with robust analytical models rather than identifying the main factors that influenced the fluctuations. We examined the seasonality of populations of horse flies in fields and lowland areas of the Pampa biome of southern Brazil with generalized linear models. We also investigated the diversity of these flies and the sampling effort of Malaise traps in this biome over two years. All of the 29 species had clear seasonality with regard to occurrence and abundance, but only seven species were identified as being influenced by temperature and humidity. The sampling was sufficient and the estimated diversity was 10% more than observed. Seasonal trends were synchronized across species and the populations were most abundant between September and March and nearly zero in other months. While previous studies demonstrated that seasonal patterns in population fluctuations are correlated with climatic conditions in horse fly assemblages in South America rainforests, we show a clear effect of each factor on richness and abundance and the seasonality in the prevalence of horse fly assemblages in localities of the Pampa biome.

Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Pityocera Giglio-Tos, 1896 (Diptera: Tabanidae: Scionini).

The genus Pityocera Giglio-Tos is revised based on examination of external morphology and genitalia of type material and specimens from Brazilian and foreign institutions. Five currently valid species in three subgenera are recognized: P. (Elaphella) cervus (Wiedemann, 1828); P. (Pityocera) festai Giglio-Tos, 1896; P. (Pseudelaphella) nana (Walker, 1850); P. (Pseudelaphella) nigribasis Fairchild, 1964; P. (Pseudelaphella) patellicornis (Kröber, 1930). Five new species are described: P. (Pseudelaphella) barrosi Gorayeb & Krolow sp. nov. (Brazil: Mato Grosso do Sul); P. (Pseudelaphella) gorayebi Limeira-de-Oliveira & Krolow sp. nov. (Brazil: Maranhão, Tocantins and Bahia); P. (Pseudelaphella) pernaquila Gorayeb & Krolow sp. nov. (Brazil: Pará and Rondônia); P. (Pseudelaphella) rhinolissa Krolow & Henriques sp. nov. (Brazil: Pará, Maranhão, Tocantins, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul; Bolivia: Santa Cruz); P. (Pseudelaphella) ecuadorensis Buestán & Krolow sp. nov. (Ecuador: Manabí, Guayas, Santa Elena and Loja). We provide diagnosis, descriptions, redescriptions, distribution records, illustrations and discussion for all species, as well as a key for identification of species. 

Description of Muscotabanus gen. nov. and Muscotabanus rafaeli sp. nov. (Diptera: Tabanidae: Diachlorini) from Amazon Basin, Brazil.

A new genus of Tabanidae mimetic of flies is described: Muscotabanus new genus, Muscotabanus rafaeli new species, based on 12 females collected in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. It is presented a discussion for separating the new genus from Diachlorini species which resemblance with sarcophagids flies. It is characterised by striped thorax, banded abdomen, long slender palpus subequal antenna length, labella predominantly membranous, except for a narrow sclerotised plate, basicosta bare, wing hyaline and stigma brown.

Description of Muscotabanus gen. nov. and Muscotabanus rafaeli sp. nov. (Diptera: Tabanidae: Diachlorini) from Amazon Basin, Brazil

A new genus of Tabanidae mimetic of flies is described: Muscotabanus new genus, Muscotabanus rafaeli new species, based on 12 females collected in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. It is presented a discussion for separating the new genus from Diachlorini species which resemblance with sarcophagids flies. It is characterised by striped thorax, banded abdomen, long slender palpus subequal antenna length, labella predominantly membranous, except for a narrow sclerotised plate, basicosta bare, wing hyaline and stigma brown.

Corrections and additions to Catalogue of Neotropical Diptera (Tabanidae) of Coscarón & Papavero (2009) / Correções e adições ao Catálogo de Diptera Neotropical (Tabanidae) de Coscarón & Papavero (2009)

Some corrections and omitted taxonomic information for the "Catalogue of Neotropical Diptera. Tabanidae" are presented. Fifteen recently described species are listed for the Neotropical region. Presently, the Neotropical region has 1,205 Tabanidae species, besides 35 unrecognized species and 29 nomina nuda.

São apresentadas correções e informações taxonômicas omitidas no "Catalogue of Neotropical Diptera. Tabanidae". Quinze espécies recentemente descritas para a região Neotropical são adicionadas. Atualmente a Região Neotropical possui 1.205 espécies de Tabanidae, além de 35 espécies não reconhecidas e 29 nomina nuda.