Black women and the preemie prep for parents (P3) program: Exploratory analysis of a clinical trial.

•Black women receiving the smartphone P3 program had more preterm birth knowledge.•Black women receiving the P3 program were more prepared for healthcare decisions.•Black women receiving the P3 program talked more with partners about preterm birth.•Smartphone preterm birth education may overcome clinic-based education barriers.

Effect of Fathers in Preemie Prep for Parents (P3) Program on Couple's Preterm Birth Preparedness.

Objective: Evaluate the effect of fathers' participation in the Preemie Prep for Parents (P3) program on maternal learning and fathers' preterm birth knowledge. Methods: Mothers with preterm birth predisposing medical condition(s) enrolled with or without the baby's father and were randomized to the P3 intervention (text-messages linking to animated videos) or control (patient education webpages). Parent Prematurity Knowledge Questionnaire assessed knowledge, including unmarried fathers' legal neonatal decision-making ability. Results: 104 mothers reported living with the baby's father; 50 participated with the father and 54 participated alone. In the P3 group, mothers participating with the father (n=33) had greater knowledge than mothers participating alone (n=21), 85% correct responses vs. 76%, p =0.033. However, there was no difference in knowledge among the control mothers, 67% vs. 60%, p =0.068. P3 fathers (n=33) knowledge scores were not different than control fathers (n=17), 77% vs. 68%, p =0.054. Parents who viewed the video on fathers' rights (n=58) were more likely than those who did not (n=96) to know unmarried fathers' legal inability to decide neonatal treatments, 84% vs. 41%, p <0.001. Conclusions: Among opposite-sex cohabitating couples, fathers' participation in the P3 program enhanced maternal learning. Practice Implications: The P3 program's potential to educate fathers may benefit high-risk pregnancies.

Black Women and the Preemie Prep for Parents (P3) Program: Exploratory Analysis of a Clinical Trial.

Background: The smartphone Preemie Prep for Parents (P3) program was developed to address the gap in prenatal education of preterm birth in high-risk pregnancies. Despite a higher incidence of preterm birth, Black women are less likely to receive prenatal education. Methods: Pregnant women with medical conditions that predisposed them to preterm birth were randomized to receive the P3 program or links to American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists webpages (control). The P3 group received periodic text messages, starting as early as 18 weeks gestational age, each with a link to a short, animated educational video. Participants completed the Parent Prematurity Knowledge Questionnaire, PROMIS Anxiety scale, and a feedback survey. This is a subgroup analysis of the Black, non-Hispanic participants in the P3 trial. Results: Of the 26 Black non-Hispanic women enrolled, the P3 group (n=14) had higher knowledge scores than the control group (n=12), 67.5% correct vs. 43.6% (difference 24.0; 95% CI, 7.4 to 40.6), without experiencing an increase in anxiety. More P3 participants reported discussing preterm birth with their partner (100%) than control participants (57%; difference 43; 95% CI, 6 to 80). Conclusions: The P3 program appears to be an effective method of providing preterm birth education to Black pregnant women.

Smartphone-Based Video Antenatal Preterm Birth Education: The Preemie Prep for Parents Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Preterm birth is a leading cause of infant mortality and child morbidity. Preterm birth is not always unexpected, yet standard prenatal care does not offer anticipatory education to parents at risk of delivering preterm, which leaves parents unprepared to make health care choices during the pregnancy that can improve survival and decrease morbidity in case of preterm birth. Objective: To evaluate the effect of the Preemie Prep for Parents (P3) program on maternal knowledge of preterm birth, preparation for decision-making, and anxiety. Design, Setting, and Participants: Recruitment for this randomized clinical trial conducted at a US academic medical center took place from February 3, 2020, to April 12, 2021. A total of 120 pregnant persons with a risk factor for preterm birth were enrolled between 16 and 21 weeks' gestational age and followed up through pregnancy completion. Intervention: Starting at 18 weeks' gestational age, P3 program participants received links delivered via text message to 51 gestational age-specific short animated videos. Control participants received links to patient education webpages from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Main Outcomes and Measures: At 25 weeks' gestation, scores on the Parent Prematurity Knowledge Questionnaire (scored as percent correct), Preparation for Decision Making Scale (scored 0-100), and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety computerized adaptive test. Analysis was based on an intention to treat. Results: A total of 120 pregnant participants (mean [SD] age, 32.5 [4.9] years) were included in the study; 60 participants were randomized to each group. Participants in the P3 group scored higher than those in the control group on knowledge of long-term outcomes at 25 weeks (88.5% vs 73.2%; estimated difference, 15.3 percentage points; 95% CI, 8.3-22.5 percentage points; P < .001). Participants in the P3 group reported being significantly more prepared than did participants in the control group for neonatal resuscitation decision-making at 25 weeks (Preparation for Decision Making Scale score, 76.0 vs 52.3; difference, 23.7; 95% CI, 14.1-33.2). There was no difference between the P3 group and the control group in anxiety at 25 weeks (mean [SE] PROMIS Anxiety scores, 53.8 [1.1] vs 54.0 [1.1]; difference, -0.1; 95% CI, -3.2 to 2.9). Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, pregnant persons randomly assigned to the P3 program had more knowledge of core competencies and were more prepared to make decisions that affect maternal and infant health, without experiencing worse anxiety. Mobile antenatal preterm birth education may provide a unique benefit to parents with preterm birth risk factors. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04093492.

Correlates of Early Prenatal Care Access among U.S. Women: Data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS).

OBJECTIVES: Early first trimester prenatal counseling could reduce adverse maternal and child health outcomes. Existing literature does not identify the length of time between suspecting pregnancy and attending their first prenatal visit. Identifying this potential window for change is critical for clinical practice, intervention programming and policy change. METHODS: The study sample was composed of women in the United States who responded to the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring Systems survey in 2016, for the following questions-when they first suspected pregnancy, when they attended their first prenatal visit, were they able to receive prenatal care as early as they wished, and perceived barriers to receiving prenatal care. RESULTS: On average, participants became certain they were pregnant at 6.0 (SE = 0.1) weeks gestation, while participants reported having their first prenatal care visit at 9.3 (SE = 0.1) weeks, with clear health disparities by race, age, WIC participation, education level, and marital status. About 15% of women reported not receiving prenatal care as early as they wished. Structural or financial barriers in the health care system were common: 38.1% reported that no appointments available, 28.2% reported not having money or insurance to pay for the visit, 27.3% reported that the doctor or health plan would not start care, and 22.5% reported not having a Medicaid card. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: This study illustrates a window for opportunity to provide earlier prenatal care, which would facilitate earlier implementation of prenatal counseling. Strategies to address barriers to care on the patient, provider and systemic levels, particularly among vulnerable population groups, are warranted. WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT?: Seeking prenatal care early is associated with better health outcomes for women and infants. A window of opportunity exists between suspecting pregnancy and attending a first prenatal visit. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS?: Clear health disparities were apparent in both recognizing their pregnancies, and receiving early prenatal care by race, age, WIC participation, education level, and marital status. About 15% of women reported not receiving prenatal care as early as they wished, and many attributed this later care to structural or financial barriers in the health care system.

Secondary Traumatic Stress in Ob-Gyn: A Mixed Methods Analysis Assessing Physician Impact and Needs.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the incidence of secondary traumatic stress in Obstetrics and Gynecology physicians including symptoms, impact, and programmatic needs for support. DESIGN: This study used a mixed-methods approach comprised of an anonymous online survey and individual interviews/focus groups. IBM SPSS 24.0 generated statistical analysis: descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact test to compare nominal survey data and across groups, phi correlations (ϕ) and interitem reliability (Cronbach alpha). Constant comparative qualitative analysis determined cross-cutting themes. Research was approved by institutional IRB. SETTING: This study was conducted at the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a large academic medical institution. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were recruited from the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology via email. Faculty, fellows, and residents participated in an anonymous online survey and were invited to complete individual interviews or focus groups. The online survey was distributed to 67 clinical faculty, residents, and fellows with a total of 27 individuals completing the reliable (alpha = 0.71) anonymous survey (40% response rate). Ten faculty participated in individual interviews or focus groups. RESULTS: Respondents to the quantitative survey identified involvement in adverse medical events (95%) and symptoms of traumatic stress (75%). Anxiety (81%), guilt (62%), and disrupted sleep (58%) were most frequently reported symptoms (mean number of symptoms = (3.4(±2.1)). Individuals reporting anxiety were more likely to seek support from colleagues (ϕ = 0.5, p < 0.006); those reporting guilt would go to friends (ϕ = 0.5, p < 0.007). Disrupted sleep more commonly led to seeking mental health services (ϕ = 0.5, p < 0.007). Desire for support varied. Those reporting anxiety were interested in peer-to-peer responders (ϕ = 0.6, p < 0.001); those reporting guilt would use debriefing sessions (ϕ = 0.4, p < 0.023). Qualitative data from individual interviews and focus groups yielded descriptions of physical and cognitive symptoms associated with second victim experiences included responsibility, guilt/shame, self-doubt, anxiety/rumination and sleep disturbance. Identified resources for coping: just culture, collegial support, peer-to-peer responders, and structured case conferences for emotional debriefing. CONCLUSIONS: Obstetrics and Gynecology providers are likely to experience symptoms of secondary traumatic stress following adverse patient events similar to other medical specialties. Comprehensive programs to address emotional well-being of physicians are important to promote collegiality and reduce symptoms of secondary traumatic stress. Safety and transparency with opportunities for group processing are identified as essentials for positive institutional culture, as well as peer support programs.

Too much time? Time use and fertility-specific quality of life among men and women seeking specialty care for infertility.

BACKGROUND: There are known gender differences in the impacts infertility has on quality of life and well-being. Less is known about how infertile couples spend time on fertility-related tasks and associations with quality of life. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether time spent on tasks related to family-building decision-making (including research, reflection, discussions with partner, discussions with others, and logistics) were associated with fertility-specific quality of life or anxiety among new patients. METHODS: Couples or individuals (N = 156) with upcoming initial consultations with a reproductive specialist completed the Fertility Quality of Life (FertiQoL) tool, which produces a Core (total) score and four subscales: Emotional, Relational, Social, and Mind-Body. We developed questions to measure time spent in the previous 24 h on tasks related to family-building. We tested for differences by gender in time use (McNemar's Test) and used ordinary least squares regression to analyze the relationship between time use and FertiQoL scores. RESULTS: In the week before a new consultation, a higher percentage of women reported time spent in the past 24 h in research, reflecting, discussion with others, and logistics compared to male partners (all p < 0.05). In adjusted models, more time spent reflecting was associated with worse FertiQoL scores for both men and women, as well as with higher anxiety for men. Time spent in discussion with others was associated with higher anxiety for women but better Social FertiQoL scores for men. CONCLUSIONS: Couples seeking infertility consultation with a specialist reported spending time on tasks related to family-building before the initial visit. There were gender differences in the amount of time spent on these tasks, and time was associated with fertility-specific quality of life and anxiety.

Exploring the need for interventions to manage weight and stress during interconception.

Interventions to manage weight and stress during the interconception period (i.e., time immediately following childbirth to subsequent pregnancy) are needed to promote optimal maternal and infant health outcomes. To address this gap, we summarize the current state of knowledge, critically evaluate the research focused on weight and stress management during the interconception period, and provide future recommendations for research in this area. Evidence supports the importance of weight and stress management during the reproductive years and the impact of weight on maternal and child health outcomes. However, evidence-based treatment models that address postpartum weight loss and manage maternal stress during the interconception period are lacking. This problem is further compounded by inconsistent definitions and measurements of stress. Recommendations for future research include interventions that address weight and stress tailored for women in the interconception period, interventions that address healthcare providers' understanding of the significance of weight and stress management during interconception, and long-term follow-up studies that focus on the public health implications of weight and stress management during interconception. Addressing obesity and stress during the interconception period via a reproductive lens will be a starting point for women and their families to live long and healthy lives.

Parental live liver donation: psychosocial considerations in the decision to donate.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Live donor liver transplantation is a treatment option for patients in need of orthotopic liver transplantation to mitigate the organ shortage from deceased donors. The long-term outcomes for pediatric recipients from live liver donors are excellent, and parents commonly are the ones seeking donation to save their child from irreversible liver failure. Although live donors go through a careful medical and psychosocial evaluation to ensure the benefits of donation outweigh the risks, parental live liver donation poses unique challenges due to the biological and emotional relationships with the child. This article highlights specific psychosocial considerations for parental live liver donors. RECENT FINDINGS: There is limited research regarding the psychosocial evaluation and outcomes for live liver donors. Some literature suggests the need for standard criteria regarding the psychosocial evaluation of donors because of the risks. However, there are positive benefits with donation, such as improved emotional quality of life for adult to pediatric donors, and the possible benefits should be considered. SUMMARY: Live liver donation is an appealing alternative treatment option, particularly in the pediatric population, in which outcomes are generally positive and medical risk to donor is less than adult-to-adult donation. For parental donors, special consideration should be given to the informed consent and the decision-making process, psychological health, and presence of substance use when weighing the risk versus protective factors for donors.