[Residency is a fundamental stage of professional training of an otorhinolaryngologist]. / Ordinatura ­ osnovopolagayushchii etap professional'noi podgotovki otorinolaringologa.

Systematic analysis of various indicators of the educational process becomes important to assess the effectiveness of the training of residents. One of the most common tools for monitoring the effectiveness of the educational process is a questionnaire of students. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of the assessment of the quality of training in the residency of the Sverzhevky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology according to the survey of residents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study includes the results of an anonymous questionnaire survey of a sample group of residents of the residency of the Sverzhevky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology of the second year of study. RESULTS: The data obtained allow us to judge the satisfaction with the quality of training of the absolute majority of the interviewed residents, their active use of specialized electronic search engines, a high assessment of the level of lectures, the desire to improve their surgical training. The importance for the professional development of residents of participation in weekly scientific and clinical conferences of the Sverzhevky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, meetings of the Moscow Scientific Society of Otorhinolaryngologists, traditional annual scientific and practical conferences of otorhinolaryngologists of Moscow, as well as in the activities of the Youth Council of the Institute is noted. CONCLUSION: The results of the survey create prerequisites for improving the educational process, the formation of professional competencies and readiness for independent work among residents.

[Application of semiconductor LED laser generators in otorhinolaryngology]. / Primenenie poluprovodnikovykh svetodiodnykh lazernykh generatorov v otorinolaringologii.

The review article provides brief data on the classification of lasers in medicine, the history of the use of therapeutic lasers. The problems of the use of semiconductor lasers in inflammatory diseases of various etiologies, as well as in various diseases of ENT organs, in particular, in diseases of the middle ear are considered.

[The history of organization of the research laboratories based at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Faculty of General Medicine]. / Istoriia sozdaniia nauchnykh laboratorii na kafedre otorinolaringologii lechebnogo fakul'teta Rossiiskogo natsional'nogo meditsinskogo universiteta im. N.I. Pirogova.

This article was designed to describe the history of the establishment and development of the research divisions based at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Faculty of General Medicine, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, including laser, vestibulogical, and audiological laboratories. The authors present an overview of the main research activities and achievements of the Department with special reference to the management of Meniere's disease, cochlear-vestibular disorders associated with sensorineural hearing loss, injuries to the organs of hearing, and diseases of the central nervous system. Also discussed are the peculiarities of the laser-assisted medical care and the possibilities for the application of therapeutic and surgical lasers for the purposes of the practical otorhinolaryngological work.

[The pedagogical activities at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Faculty of General Medicine]. / Pedagogicheskaia deiatel'nost' kafedry otorinolaringologii lechebnogo fakul'teta Rossiiskogo natsional'nogo issledovatel'skogo meditsinskogo universiteta im. N.I. Pirogova.

This article was designed to substantiate the main principles of the academic process as practiced at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University under the current conditions of the ongoing modernization of the system of higher medical education. The authors emphasize the necessity of the combination of theoretical and practical training with special reference to the specific features of the curricular and extracurricular activities. The importance of the formation of the properly functioning teaching staff is underscored. To enhance the efficiency of the educational process, the wide application of the computer-assisted technologies is recommended that can be simultaneously used to improve the methods for diagnostics and treatment of various pathological conditions. The activities based at the specialized students' scientific circle may prove very helpful to facilitate the acquisition of the necessary theoretical knowledge and practical skills by the medical students and thereby to promote the formation of professional otorhinolaryngologists.

[Antimicrobial anti-inflammatory photodynamic and light-emitting-diode phototherapy of the consequences of the gunshot and mine-blast injury to the face, head, and neck including damage to the ENT organs]. / Antimikrobnaia protivovospalitel'naia fotodinamicheskaia i svetodiodnaia fototerapiia posledstvii ognestrel'noi i minno-vzryvnoi travmy golovy i shei.

The objective of the present study was the enhancement of the effectiveness of the treatment of the consequences of the gunshot wounds and mine-blast injuries inflicted to the face, head, and neck encountered in the otolaryngological practice as well as the prevention of the formation of the large demarcation areas in the injured tissues and the preparation of these tissues for the further restorative treatment. Anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory photodynamic therapy (PDT) as well as light-emitting-diode (LED) phototherapy were carried out in 20 patients who suffered gunshot wounds and mine-blast injuries to the face, head, and neck. The photodynamic therapy was performed with the use of an aqueous solution of methylene blue at a concentration of 0.1%, the 'Alod-1' infrared laser ('Granat' modification, Russia), and the 'AFS-Solaris' light-emitting diode-based phototherapeutic apparatus (Russia). The analysis of the results of the study has demonstrated the high efficiency of the proposed approach that made it possible to prevent the development of severe septic complications, reduce the amount of drug therapy, significantly shorten duration of the treatment, and create the conditions for the earlier rehabilitation and further plastic and cosmetic restoration of the tissue structures.

[Modern approaches to antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory photodynamic therapy in otorhinolaryngology].

The objective of the present study was to analyse the currently available methods and possibilities for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) in medicine with special reference to otorhinolaryngology. The results of the treatment of 300 patients with various suppurative ENT pathologies using antimicrobial PDT were subjected to the analysis. It made it possible to elucidate the mechanisms and parameters of photodynamic treatment and to reveal disadvantages of the modern methods of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Special attention is given to the management of acute inflammation in the laryngopharynx and to the topical problems of up-to-date antimicrobial PDT.

[The application of supravascular laser irradiation of blood for the treatment of cochleovestibular disorders].

A total of 165 patients presenting with neurosensory impairement of hearing and Meniere's disease were treated by supravascular (extracorporeal) laser irradiation of blood. The study undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of this treatment confirmed its beneficial effect in patients with acute hearing disorders. It was equally effective as regards elimination of labyrinthine hydropsis in patients presenting with Meniere's disease. The method proved less efficacious for the management of long-standing hearing impairement and chronic loss of hearing, but it can be used to prevent the development of these conditions.

[Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: current view].

Growing resistance of bacteria to wide-spectrum antibiotics gave rise to a search for new approaches to antimicrobial therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PT) was proposed for fighting against infections. It combines effects of a photosensitiser and visible light. PT produces reactive oxygen species able to kill cells. High response to PT was achieved in the treatment of local infections, in particular, in the treatment of pyoinflammatory ENT diseases caused both by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, especially diseases caused by bacteria with antibiotic polyresistance.

[Pilot experience with radio-knife "Surgitron"]. / Pervyi opyt ispol'zovaniia radionozha "Surgitron".

A new radiosurgical knife Surgitron is described in terms of its application in ENT operations. Surgical procedures, indications, operative regimes are detailed. Advantages and disadvantages of the device design are outlined. The device is functionally and cosmetically effective. Thus, it holds promise in surgery.

[Low-energy laser radiation in the combined treatment of sensorineural hearing loss and Menière's disease]. / Nizkoénergeticheskoe lazernoe izluchenie v kompleksnom lechenii neirosensornoi tugoukhosti i bolezni Men'era.

59 patients with neurosensory hypoacusis and 45 with Meniere's disease underwent helium-neon laser intra- or supravascular radiation of blood. The treatment proved effective in acute neurosensory hypoacusis and Meniere's disease. In chronic neurosensory hypoacusis the effect was insignificant.

[Intravascular laser irradiation of the blood in the treatment of suppurative septic complications in otorhinolaryngology]. / Primenenie vnutrisosudistogo lazernogo oblucheniia krovi pri gnoino-septicheskikh oslozhneniiakh v otorinolaringologii.

The paper reviews the results of intravascular laser radiation (ILR) for pyoseptic complications in 8 patients with otogenic and 2 patients with rhinogenic meningitis, 1 patient with cavernous sinus thrombosis and 5 patients with Dupuytren's phlegmon. The adjuvant to conventional treatment use of ILR activates immune system, improves rheological blood characteristics, enhances tissue regeneration.