Trajectories in physical functioning by occupational class among retiring women: the significance of type of retirement and social and health-related factors.

BACKGROUND: Occupational class inequalities in physical functioning and their changes after retirement are poorly understood. We examined occupational class trajectories in physical functioning 10 years before and after transition to old-age and disability retirement. We included working conditions and behavioural risk factors as covariates, given their established link to health and retirement. METHODS: We used the Helsinki Health Study cohort data from surveys 2000-2002 to 2017, and included 3901 women, who were employed by the City of Helsinki, Finland, and retired during the follow-up. Mixed-effect growth curve models were used to examine changes in RAND-36 Physical Functioning subscale (range 0-100) 10 years before and after the retirement date by occupational class. RESULTS: Old-age (n=3073) and disability retirees (n=828) lacked class differences in physical functioning 10 years before retirement. By retirement transition, physical functioning declined and class inequalities emerged, the predicted scores being 86.1 (95% CI 85.2 to 86.9) for higher class and 82.2 (95% CI 81.5 to 83.0) for lower class old-age retirees, and 70.3 (95% CI 67.8 to 72.9) for higher class and 62.2 (95% CI 60.4 to 63.9) for lower class disability retirees. Physical functioning declined and class inequalities slightly widened among old-age retirees after the retirement, whereas among disability retirees the decline plateaued and class inequalities narrowed over time after retirement. Physical work and body mass index somewhat attenuated the class inequalities after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Class inequalities in physical functioning widened after old-age retirement and narrowed after disability retirement. The examined work and health-related factors contributed weakly to the inequalities.

Can workplace intervention prolong work life of older workers? A quasi-experimental study.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the impact of a workplace senior program intervention on early exit from labor market and on the disability retirement among older employees and work-related physical factors associated with it. METHODS: A total of 259 individuals aged 55 + years participated in the study (107 in intervention and 152 were controls). A questionnaire survey was conducted among Finnish food industry employees between 2003 and 2009 and the intervention "senior program" was provided between 2004 and 2009. The type of pension for the respondents who had retired by 2019 was obtained and dichotomized as statutory vs. early labor market exit. Disability pension was investigated as a separate outcome. Information on work-related factors was obtained from the survey. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) with their 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Fifty-one employees had early labor market exit. Of them, 70% (n = 36) were control participants. Employees in the senior program worked for longer years (mean years 7.4, 95% CI 6.4-8.1) compared to the control (6.6, 95% CI 6.3-7.5). Sixty percent lower risk of early labor market exit (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.19-0.84) and disability pension was found among employees in the senior program compared to the control group. Good work ability had a 94% lower risk (0.06, 95% CI 0.01-0.29) of early labor market exit and 85% lower risk (0.15, 95% CI 0.03-0.73) of disability pension compared to poor work ability. Employees with musculoskeletal pain had 4 times higher risk of disability pension compared to those without musculoskeletal pain. CONCLUSIONS: A workplace senior program intervention prolonged work life and had positive effect on reducing disability pension among older industrial workers.

Educational inequalities in employment of Finns aged 60-68 in 2006-2018.

The aim of this study was to explore the employment of 60-68-year-old men and women by educational level over the period 2006-2018 and the magnitude of educational inequalities in employment. We used individual-level register data from Statistics Finland including all Finns aged 60-68 over a period of 13 years. In addition to calculating employment rates for men and women by educational levels, we estimated the relative index of inequality (RII) and slope index of inequality (SII) to measure the magnitude of relative and absolute educational inequalities in employment. The results show that the employment rates increased in all educational levels over the period 2006-2018. Relative educational inequalities in employment remained stable mainly among the 63-65-year-olds but decreased among the 60-62-year-olds and the 66-68-year-olds. However, absolute educational inequalities in employment increased in all age groups for both men and women.

Explanations for economic difficulties among old-age pensioners previously on disability pension.

BACKGROUND: This study looks at how previous disability retirement is associated with economic difficulties in covering the costs of everyday basic necessities in old age, and the extent to which the differences in economic difficulties between old-age pensioners with previous disability pension and other old-age pensioners are mediated by health, income and life satisfaction. METHODS: The survey data includes 2227 retirees aged 63-85 who were receiving old-age pension in 2017. A quarter of them had received a disability pension before their old-age pension. Economic difficulties were measured through a subjective assessment of how difficult it was to cover the following necessities: food, housing, medication, health services, transport, phone and internet use. The odds ratios and their 95%-confidence intervals were analyzed with ordered logistic regression models. RESULTS: Old-age pensioners with previous disability retirement experienced more economic difficulties in covering cost of necessities than other old-age pensioners. The differences were especially large among those with a mental diagnosis. Health, pension income and life satisfaction attenuated the differences slightly. The fully adjusted odds ratio for having economic difficulties in covering the cost of medicine and health care among old-age pensioners with previous disability retirement due to mental disorders was 2.15 (95% CI 1.44-3.22) compared to other old-age pensioners without previous disability retirement. CONCLUSIONS: Preventing disability retirement among working-age people diminishes the risk of economic difficulties in old age. More attention should be focussed especially on those with a high risk of disability retirement due to mental disorders.

Individual- and Company-Level Predictors of Receiving Vocational Rehabilitation: A Multilevel Study of Finnish Private Sector Workplaces.

Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the magnitude of company-level variation in vocational rehabilitation (VR) and to determine which individual- and company-level characteristics are associated with receiving VR due to mental disorders, musculoskeletal diseases, and other somatic diseases. Methods A 30% random sample of all Finnish private sector companies with more than 10 employees aged 25-62 years at the end of 2010 (5567 companies with 300,601 employees) was followed up for the receipt of VR over the next 6 years. Company size and industry, as well as gender, age, education, social class and sickness absence measured both at the individual- and company-level were used as explanatory variables in multilevel logit models. Results After controlling for the individual-level characteristics, 12% of the variance in VR was attributed to the company level. The proportion was largest in VR due to musculoskeletal diseases. Receiving VR was more common among women, older employees (except the oldest age group), those with low education (particularly due to musculoskeletal diseases), low social class, and previous sickness absence. Receiving VR was more common in larger companies, and in construction and in health and social work, and less common in professional, scientific and technical activities. Furthermore, receiving VR was more common in companies with low proportion of highly educated employees and with higher sickness absence rates. Conclusions Company-level variation in receiving VR was substantial. Adopting the practices of the companies with highest participation in VR could help to avoid work disability problems.

Company-level determinants of disability retirement: a multilevel study of Finnish private sector workplaces.

BACKGROUND: We examined whether the risk for disability retirement varies between companies over and above the individual-level characteristics of their employees and which company-level characteristics are associated with the risk for any, full or partial disability retirement. METHODS: A 30% random sample of Finnish private sector companies with at least 10 employees was used (5567 companies and 301 313 employees). The risk for disability retirement over 6 years was analyzed using multilevel logistic regression. Company size and industry, as well as gender, age, education and social class measured both at the individual- and the company-level were used as explanatory variables. RESULTS: 3.8% of the variance in the risk for disability retirement was attributed to the company level after controlling for individual-level characteristics of the employees. Company-level variance was much larger in partial (11.7%) than in full (4.2%) disability retirement. After controlling for all individual- and company-level characteristics, those working in health and social work activities had increased risk for both full and partial disability retirement. The risk for full disability retirement increased by decreasing educational level of the company. The risk for partial disability retirement increased by increasing company size and was elevated in companies with the highest proportion of women. CONCLUSIONS: After controlling for the individual-level characteristics, variation in the risk for disability retirement between companies was modest. The more substantial variation in partial disability pension suggests that companies have a marked role in advancing working with partial disabilities.

Working while on a disability pension in Finland: Association of diagnosis and financial factors to employment.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to find out whether health and financial factors are associated with engagement in paid work during a disability pension. METHODS: The data included a 10 per cent sample of Finns aged 20-62 years who were drawing earnings-related full or partial disability pension in 2012 ( n = 14,418). Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios for working while on a full or partial disability pension. RESULTS: Fourteen per cent of full disability pensioners and 76 per cent of partial disability pensioners were engaged in paid work. Full disability pensioners due to mental disorders were working less often than full disability pensioners due to other diseases. Partial disability pensioners due to cardiovascular diseases were working more than partial disability pensioners due to other diseases. More recent timing of disability pension was associated with working for both partial and full disability pensioners. Working while on disability pension was more common among those with higher education. Partial disability pensioners with average pension worked more often than those with high pension. CONCLUSIONS: By knowing the factors associated with working while on a disability pension, policies could be more efficiently allocated to encourage disability pensioners to take up work. One way would be to support disability pensioners with low education to work more. Another way to increase work among disability pensioners is to support the recently retired in working longer.