Fenton treatment efficacy for the purification of different kinds of wastewater.

The Fenton chemistry comprises both the classical Fenton reagent and its modification, so-called Fenton-like techniques, which have received great attention as a promising technology for wastewater treatment. In the present study real wastewater from different sources (leachate from oil shale semicoke landfill, pharmaceutical effluents from medical ointment production, municipal landfill leachate and wastewater originated from food-processing) were treated by means of Fenton/Fenton-like systems. The effectiveness of wastewater treatment was assessed by COD removal. Additionally, biodegradability improvement (BOD7/COD) and acute toxicity reduction of investigated wastewater samples were observed. The application of the Fenton chemistry to wastewater samples with different origin resulted generally in 70% or higher COD removal. Thus, the Fenton could be effectively applied both as a single treatment method and pre-treatment step to improve subsequent biodegradability of wastewater effluents.

Treatment of surfactant stabilized oil-in-water emulsions by means of chemical oxidation and coagulation.

The model wastewater samples investigated in the current study represented oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions with small oil (diesel/black oil) and high surfactant (Anrol/Decon90) concentrations generated during washing of oil tankers or tank-wagons. Coagulation with aluminium sulphate, ferric chloride and lime milk, and chemical oxidation by hydrogen peroxide catalyzed ferrous ions were applied as traditional and advanced treatment processes, respectively. Coagulation proved more feasible for oil content removal than for COD reduction. Both COD and oil content removal, were higher if Anrol was used as a surface active agent. The comparison of wastewater samples with different oil products but the same detergent showed more effective black oil removal. Coagulation was found ineffective as a pre-treatment technology for biodegradability improvement and toxicity reduction in surfactant stabilized O/W emulsion wastewater samples. The application of Fenton chemistry showed significant COD, UV absorbance and BOD removal, but no improvement in wastewater samples biodegradability. The maximum COD reduction and oil content removal from wastewater samples was above 90%. The oxidation of wastewater containing Decon90 required higher dosages of the Fenton reagent than wastewater with Anrol. Both Anrol and Decon90 contaminated wastewater samples were found to be detoxified even after moderate hydrogen peroxide dosages had been applied in the oxidation step.

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of acyclic and macrocyclic uracil derivatives with quaternized nitrogen atoms in spacers.

The reactions of 1,3-bis(alpha,omega-bromoalkyl)-6-methyluracils with 1,3-bis(alpha,omega-ethylaminoalkyl)-6-methyluracils or 1,3-bis(bromopentyl)thymine with butylamine afforded pyrimidinophanes containing one or two uracil units and nitrogen atoms in bridging polymethylene chains. In some cases individual geometric isomers of pyrimidinophanes differing in the mutual arrangement of the carbonyl and methyl groups at different pyrimidine rings were isolated. Quaternization of the bridging nitrogen atom with o-nitrobenzyl bromide, benzyl bromide, n-decyl bromide gave rise to water-soluble pyrimidinophanes which were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activity. The arrangement of the carbonyl groups in macrocycles doesn't affect the activity. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of pyrimidinophanes increases with the increase of polymethylene N(pyr)-N-chain length and dramatically increases upon the introduction of n-decyl substituent at nitrogen atoms in spacers. Pyrimidinophanes with 5 and 6 methylene groups in N(pyr)-N-chain and n-decyl substituent showed significant bacteriostatic, fungistatic, bactericidal, fungicidal activity which comparable with standard antibacterial and antifungal drugs. Acyclic counterpart demonstrated the highest activity against fungi. Toxicity of more effective pyrimidinophanes was determined for mice and Daphnia magna Straus.

Oil shale semicoke leachate treatment using ozonation and the Fenton oxidation.

The storage of semicoke in Estonian oil shale industry causes a variety of impacts on the environment, including formation of a very toxic leachate, and requires additional efforts to bring the environmental situation into accord with environmental standards. The present study focused on the chemical treatment of the semicoke leachate and the usage of chemical oxidation (ozonation and the Fenton oxidation) for the improvement of conditions for subsequent biodegradation. Moderate ozone doses removed from 40 to 63 % of organics and enhanced the biodegradability. However, 40-45 % of the residual organics remained not biodegradable and ozonation did not lead to detoxification of the leachate. The Fenton oxidation was found to be effective for the treatment of leachate and led to substantial increase in biodegradability. It was ascertained that the Fenton oxidation of the leachate may be applied without pH adjustment. The toxicity reduction in the Fenton oxidation was of great significance. More than 70 % removal of COD values, increase in biodegradability and the reduction in the toxicity suggest that under some circumstances the Fenton treatment may be even applied as the main treatment process for this leachate.

[Prevention of respiratory infections by physical methods in children in tuberculosis sanatoria]. / Profilaktika respiratornoi infektsii fizicheskimi metodami u detei v tuberkuleznykh sanatoriiakh.

Follow-up of over 12 years in a children's sanatorium included 6035 tuberculosis children aged 3-14 years who had tuberculin tests reversion and local forms of tuberculosis. Prevention by physical methods (herb infusion inhalations, ultraviolet radiation and nasopharyngeal rinsing) caused an average decrease in the incidence of ARD from 22.66 to 5.58%. The efficiency of sanatorium treatment also increased.

[Antacid bifilact and its effectiveness in the treatment of chronic gastroduodenitis and ulcer disease in children]. / Antatsidnyi bifilakt i ego éffektivnost' v terapii khronicheskogo gastroduodenita i iazvennoi bolezni u detei.

Antacid bifilact was applied for the first time to the treatment of 30 patients with gastroduodenitis and peptic ulcer. This enabled one to remove the disease clinical manifestations within the shortest time possible, to normalize the acid-forming function of the stomach and upset microecology of the intestine, lysozyme activity of alimentary secretions. The formulation and know how for antacid bifilact, a new dietetic product, are described.

[Effect of inhalatory therapy with antibacterial preparations on the fungal-yeastlike flora of the respiratory tracts in pulmonary tuberculosis]. / Vliianie ingaliatsionnoi terapii antibakterial'nymi preparatami na gribkovo-drozhzhepodobnuiu floru dykhatel'nykh putei bol'nykh tuberkulezom legkikh.

A total of 254 patients with various forms of the lung tuberculosis were examined on the presence of the yeast-like flora; 130 patients out of them (the main group) were subjected to complex antibacterial therapy including inhalation with antitubercle drugs and 124 patients (control) were not treated with inhalation. On acceptance to the stationary the fungal flora was registered in 22.4% of the patients including 20.9% of the males and 29.2% of the females. The fungi were found more often in old patients (33.3%), patients with diseases of long duration (29.7%) and patients with fibrous cavernous tuberculosis of the lungs (27.1%). It was shown that the local treatment of the patients suffering from the lung tuberculosis with antitubercle drugs including streptomycin had no significant effect on either the period of the fungi carrying (22.3% before the treatment and 21.5% after the treatment, P less than 0.05), or development of the fungal diseases (1.9% in the main group and 1.6% in the control group, P greater than 0.05).