Toxicological effect of endocrine disrupting insecticide (deltamethrin) on enzymatical, haematological and histopathological changes in the freshwater iridescent shark, Pangasius hypothalamus.

This study investigated the deltamethrin (DMN) induced harmful effects on Pangasius hypophthalmus using enzymatic activity, haematological, and histopathological changes. LC50 value was 0.021 mg/L at 96 h, and sublethal toxicity was tested for 45 days at two `concentrations (i.e., 1/5th and 1/10th of LC50). Haematological parameters and enzymatic activities significantly changed between DMN-exposed and control groups (p < 0.05). Histopathologically, both DMN doses induced liver hyperemia, hepatic cell rupture, necrosis, hypertrepheoid bile duct, shifting nuclei, vascular haemorrhage, and hepatocyte degeneration, while in gill, secondary lamellae destruction, a fusion of adjacent gill lamellae, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, adhesion, and fusion were noticed. Kidney developed melanomacrophages, increased periglomerular and peritubular space, vacuolation, decreased glomerulus, hyaline droplets in tubular cells, loss of tubular epithelium, distal convoluted segment hypertrophy, and granular layer in brain pyramid and Purkinje cell nucleus. But, limiting pesticide impacts on freshwater fish and their habitat requires a holistic, cradle-to-grave approach and toxicological studies.

Pd(II)-Imprinted Chitosan Adsorbent for Selective Adsorption of Pd(II): Optimizing the Imprinting Process through Box-Behnken Experimental Design.

The ion/molecular imprinting technique is an efficient method for developing materials with high adsorption selectivity. However, it is still difficult to obtain an imprinted adsorbent with desirably high selectivity when the preparation processes are not well designed and optimized. In this present work, a chitosan-based ion-imprinted adsorbent was optimally prepared through Box-Behnken experimental design to achieve desirably high selectivity for Pd anions (PdCl4 2-) from aqueous solutions with high acidity. The dosage of epichlorohydrin (ECH) used in the first and second steps of cross-linking as well as the pH of the imprinting reaction medium is likely one of the key factors affecting the selectivity of the synthesized ion-imprinted chitosan adsorbent, which were selected as factors in a three-level factorial Box-Behnken design. As a result, the effects of these three factors on Pd(II) selectivity were able to be described by using a second-order polynomial model with a high regression coefficient (R 2; 0.996). The obtained optimal conditions via the response surface methodology were 0.10% (v/v) of first cross-linking ECH, an imprinting pH of 1.0, and 1.00% of second cross-linking ECH. Competitive adsorption was performed to investigate the selectivities of the ion-imprinted chitosan adsorbents prepared under the optimal conditions. The selectivity coefficient of Pd(II) versus Pt(IV) (ßPd/Pt) of the Pd(II)-imprinted adsorbent was 115.83, much greater than that of the chitosan adsorbent without imprinting and various reported selective adsorbents. Therefore, the Box-Behnken design can be a useful method for optimizing the synthesis of ion-imprinted adsorbents with desirably high adsorptive selectivity for precious metals.

Valorisation of post-sorption materials: Opportunities, strategies, and challenges.

Adsorption is a facile, economic, eco-friendly and low-energy requiring technology that aims to separate diverse compounds (ions and molecules) from one phase to another using a wide variety of adsorbent materials. To date, this technology has been used most often for removal/recovery of pollutants from aqueous solutions; however, emerging post-sorption technologies are now enabling the manufacture of value-added key adsorption products that can subsequently be used for (i) fertilizers, (ii) catalysis, (iii) carbonaceous metal nanoparticle synthesis, (iv) feed additives, and (v) biologically active compounds. These new strategies ensure the sustainable valorisation of post-sorption materials as an economically viable alternative to the engineering of other green chemical products because of the ecological affability, biocompatibility, and widespread accessibility of post-sorption materials. Fertilizers and feed additives manufactured using sorption technology contain elements such as N, P, Cu, Mn, and Zn, which improve soil fertility and provide essential nutrients to animals and humans. This green and effective approach to managing post-sorption materials is an important step in reaching the global goals of sustainability and healthy human nutrition. Post-sorbents have also been utilized for the harvesting of metal nanoparticles via modern catalytic pyrolysis techniques. The resulting materials exhibited a high surface area (>1000m2/g) and are further used as catalysts and adsorbents. Together with the above possibilities, energy production from post-sorbents is under exploration. Many of the vital 3E (energy, environment, and economy) problems can be addressed using post-sorption materials. In this review, we summarize a new generation of applications of post-adsorbents as value-added green chemical products. At the end of each section, scientific challenges, further opportunities, and issues related to toxicity are discussed. We believe this critical evaluation not only delivers essential contextual information to researchers in the field but also stimulates new ideas and applications to further advance post-sorbent applications.

Central chondrosarcoma of a pediatric mandibular condyle: A case report and review.

Chondrosarcoma of mandibular condyle is an extremely rare clinical entity with only 18 cases reported till date. We report a rare case of central myxoid chondrosarcoma in a 7 year old male child with a complaint of slow growing bony hard swelling of left mandibular condyle. Panoramic radiography and CT scan revealed a 5×3cm osteosclerotic and osteolytic lesion with cortical perforation on the medial side of the left mandibular condyle with a cortical expansion of lateral side. Segmental mandibulectomy with disarticulation of the left condyle was done. To the best of our knowledge it is the first case of chondrosarcoma of the paediatric mandibular condyle to be reported. The etiopathogenesis, clinical, radiological diagnosis and various treatment modalities of chondrosarcoma are discussed.

Synthesis, spectral characterization and antioxidant activity studies of a bidentate Schiff base, 5-methyl thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde-carbohydrazone and its Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes.

A new Schiff base bidentate ligand (L), 5-methyl thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde-carbohydrazone and its metal (Cu(II), Cd(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)) complexes with general stoichiometry [M(L)2X2] (where X=Cl) were synthesized. The ligand and its metal complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR, ESR spectral analyses, and molar conductance studies. The molar conductance data revealed that all the metal chelates are non-electrolytes. IR spectra showed that ligand (L) is coordinated to the metal ions in a bidentate manner with N and O donor sites of the azomethine-N, and carbonyl-O. ESR and UV-Vis spectral data showed that the geometrical structure of the complexes are Orthorhombic. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the ligand and its complexes was determined by hydroxyl radical scavenging, DPPH, NO, reducing power methods in vitro. The obtained IC50 value of the DPPH activity for the copper complex (IC50=66.4 µm) was higher than other compounds. Microbial assay of the above complexes against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Rhizocotonia bataticola and Alternaria alternata showed that copper complex exhibited higher activity than the other complexes.

Removal of microelemental Cr(III) and Cu(II) by using soybean meal waste--unusual isotherms and insights of binding mechanism.

In the present study soybean meal (SBM) waste has been used for the removal Cr(III) and Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. Effect of variable parameters including pH, contact time, biomass dose and initial concentration of metal ions were studied. Biosorption kinetics was very fast and the kinetics data were successfully modeled using nonlinear pseudo-second-order model. A series of isotherm experiments revealed that pH 5 favored Cr(III) and Cu(II) biosorption and the affinity order of SBM was Cu(II) > Cr(III). Biosorption mechanism was confirmed by the functional group blocking, FTIR and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray results. The biosorption mechanism was due to (i) ion-exchange, (ii) chelation by carboxyl and hydroxyl groups present on the SBM surface, (iii) further precipitation of metal ions on the surface of biomass. Our results revealed that SBM could be employed as an effective and low-cost biosorbent for removal of Cr(III) and Cu(II) from contaminated effluents.

Stereoselective synthesis of alpinoid-C and its analogues and study of their cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines.

A simple, highly efficient and stereoselective synthetic route has been developed for synthesis of alpinoid-C (1) and its analogues (2, 3 and 4) from commercially available starting materials by using Wittig olefination, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, Grubbs cross metathesis as key steps. All the compounds showed moderate anti-proliferative activity against human leukemia/carcinoma (U-937, THP-1, COLO-205 and HepG2) and mouse melanoma (B16-F10) cancer cell lines. Compounds 3 and 4 are found to be most potent with an IC(50) of 7.53 µM and 32.26 µM on THP-1, 11.12 µM and 7.21 µM on COLO-205 cell lines, respectively.