A Systematic Review of the Current Measures of Theory of Mind in Adults with Schizophrenia.

Adults with schizophrenia usually have impairments in theory of mind (ToM), which subsequently cause them problems in social interaction. Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to assess their ToM using adequate measures. This systematic review evaluated current ToM measures (or ToM tasks) for adults with schizophrenia and summarized their specific characteristics, including the concept and construct, administration, and psychometric properties. From a review of 117 articles, 13 types of ToM tasks were identified, and the findings from these articles were qualitatively synthesized. The results showed that ToM tasks are diverse in their presentation modalities, answer modes, strategies of controlling cognitive confounders, and scoring. Most tasks employ cognitive and affective dimensions and target a specific, single ToM concept. The present systematic review found that psychometric evidence supporting the ToM tasks, such as internal consistency, test-retest reliability, unidimensionality, and convergent, criterion, and ecological validities, is insufficient. Based on the results, we propose several principles for selecting appropriate ToM tasks in practice, e.g., selecting a task with multiple ToM concepts, or an exclusive ToM construct containing the cognitive and affective dimensions. Moreover, future studies are needed to provide more psychometric evidence on each type of ToM task applied in people with schizophrenia.

Overlap Syndrome Involving Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Autoimmune Hepatitis in Children: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Background: The diagnosis of overlap syndrome involving systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is not easily established because of its similar clinical presentations and biochemical features to those of lupus hepatitis. The term overlap syndrome is usually used in the context of overlap of autoimmune hepatitis with PSC (primary sclerosing cholangitis) or PBC (primary biliary cholangitis). Few cases of AIH complicated by SLE have been reported in the literature, and the condition is even rarer in childhood. Case presentation: Here we report the case of a 16-year-old girl with SLE who initially presented with autoimmune (cholestatic) hepatitis. According to American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases practice guidelines, the diagnosis was made based on aggregated scores including female (+2); ALP:AST (or ALT) ratio <1.5(+2); elevated serum IgG level(+3); ANA > 1:80 (+3); negative hepatitis viral markers and drug history (+3, +1); average alcohol intake <25 g/day (+2); and histological interface hepatitis features (+3). She then developed a malar rash, ANA positivity, anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies, and a low complement level. She met 4 of 17 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria (1) for SLE. Our patient responded very well to corticosteroid at an initial dose of methylprednisolone 40 mg Q12H for 4 days tapering to 1 mg/kg/day according to liver function test results and bilirubin level. No relapse occurred during the 3-year follow-up course. Conclusions: Overlapping of SLE and AIH should be suspected when children with SLE have impaired liver function or AIH patients present with a malar or other skin rash. Liver biopsy plays an important role in establishing the differential diagnosis of SLE with liver impairment or overlap with AIH. The prompt diagnosis and adequate further treatment plans can improve disease outcomes.

Corrigendum: Overlap Syndrome Involving Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Autoimmune Hepatitis in Children: A Case Report and Literature Review.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00310.].

Quality of life and its associated factors among patients with two common types of chronic mental illness living in Kaohsiung City.

AIM: This study explored the associations of personal, disease, family, and social factors with quality of life (QoL) in patients with two common types of chronic mental illness (CMI) living in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. METHODS: Using a convenience sample and a cross-sectional design, 714 patients (50.1% male, 49.9% female) with CMI (72.1% schizophrenia and 27.9% affective disorder) and their caregivers were recruited. Demographic information was collected via the following questionnaires: 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12), five-item Brief Symptom Rating Scale (BSRS-5), Caregiver Burden Scale, and Clinical Global Impressions (CGI-S) Scale. Pearson correlations and hierarchical regression analyses were used to predict QoL. RESULTS: Disease factors accounted for 17-50% of the change in variance. Predictors of low mental subscale scores included the following: high psychological distress and high family burden as well as a history of suicide attempts, negative caregiver attitudes, and living away from home. Disease factors also explained the greatest variance in the physical subscales. Predictors of low physical subscale scores included the following: high psychological distress, age, unemployment, a history of suicide attempts, high family burden, and living alone. CONCLUSIONS: Disease factors were the most important predictors of QoL in patients with CMI. Family factors were more important than social factors on the mental subscales. Differential relationships were also found for the other two dimensions. Together, these results indicate that a wide range of factors improve the QoL in patients with CMI.